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 CAREY 785 his cultivation upon the light, salubrious, and easy soils of sandy elevations, and gradually advances to the subjugation of more fertile and ! difficult regions ; that the real interests of class- es and individuals are essentially harmonious ; that there is in the normal condition of things a constant tendency to increase in the wages of labor, and to diminution in the rate, though to increase in the aggregate, of the profits of capital ; and that the well being and advance- ment of society correspond to the degrees of association and of liberty which exist in it. His first book was an " Essay on the Rate of Wages, with an Examination of the Causes of the Difference of the Condition of the Labor- ing Population throughout the World" (1835). This work was reproduced and expanded in "The Principles of Political Economy" (3 vols. 8vo, 1837-'40). His succeeding works are : " The Credit System hi France, Great Britain, and the United States" (1838); " An- swers to the Questions, What constitutes Cur- rency ? What are the Causes of its Unsteadi- ness? and What is the Remedy?" a pamphlet (1840); "The Past, the Present, and the Fu- ture" (8vo, 1848); "The Harmony of Inter- ests " (1850) ; " The Slave Trade, Domestic and Foreign : Why it Exists, and How it may be Ex- tinguished; " "Letters on International Copy- right " (1853 ; new ed., 1868) ; " Letters to the President on the Foreign and Domestic Policy of the Union, and its Effects, as exhibited in the Condition of the People and the States " (1858) ; " Principles of Social Science " (3 vols., 1858-'9); "A Series of Letters on Political Economy " (1860), and another series in 1865 ; " The Way to Outdo England without Fight- ing her" (1865); "Review of the Decade 1857-'67" (1867); "Review of Wells's Re- port " (1868) ; " Shall we have Peace ? " (1869). For several years he also contributed the lead- ing papers in " The Plough, th3 Loom, and the Anvil," a monthly periodical published in New York, some of which were afterward collected in his "Harmony of Interests." He has also written much in some of the principal news- papers of the country, on subjects connected with his special study. His "Miscellaneous Works " were published in one volume in 1869. His latest work is " The Unity of Law " (1873). The principal of these works have been trans- lated into German, French, Italian, Russian, and Spanish (the "Principles of Social Science" into German by Adler, Berlin, 1863-'4; others by Duhring, 1865). CiREV, Mathew, an American publisher and author, born in Dublin, Ireland, Jan. 28, 1760, died in Philadelphia, Sept. 16, 1839. At the age of 15 years he began to learn the business of printer and bookseller, and. two years later published a pamphlet on duelling, followed soon after by an address to the Irish Catholics on their oppression by the penal code, which was so inflammatory that it caused his flight to Paris. After remaining there a year he re- turned to Ireland, where he edited for a short time the "Freeman's Journal," and in 1783 established the "Volunteer's Journal," which soon obtained a very extensive circulation by ita bold and uncompromising advocacy of meas- ures of the opposition, which led soon after to the recognition by Great Britain of the legis- lative independence of Ireland. On account of an attack upon parliament and the ministry he was hi 1784 arraigned before the house of commons for libel, and committed to Newgate, where he was imprisoned until the dissolution of parliament. After his liberation he sailed for America, arriving at Philadelphia Nov. 15, 1784, and two months after started "The Pennsylvania Herald," the first newspaper in America which furnished accurate reports of legislative debates, Carey acting as his own reporter. He fought a duel with Col. Oswald, the editor of a rival journal, and received a wound which confined him to his house for more than 16 months. Soon after he began the publication of " The American Museum," which he conducted for six years with much ability but little success. In 1791 he married, and began business as a bookseller on a very humble scale. During the prevalence of the yellow fever, two years later, he was a mem- ber of the committee of health, and active in his study of the disease and attentions to the sick ; and the results of his extensive observa- tion were collected and published in his "His- tory of the Yellow Fever of 1793." In the same year he founded the Hibernian society. In 1796 he was one of a few citizens who united under the direction of Bishop White in the for- mation of the first American Sunday school society. In 1810 he engaged warmly in the discussions concerning the United States bank, writing articles for newspapers, and publishing pamphlets which he distributed at his own ex- pense. In 1814 appeared his "Olive Branch, or Faults on both sides, Federal and Demo- cratic," designed to harmonize the antagonistic parties of the country, pending the war with Great Britain. It passed through 10 editions, and is yet regarded as high authority in regard to the political history of that period. In 1819 he published his Vindicice, Hibernicoe, an exami- nation and refutation of the charges against his countrymen in reference to the butcheries alleged to have been committed by them in the rebellion of 1641. From this time he de- voted himself almost exclusively to politico- commercial pursuits, publishing in 1820 the "New Olive Branch," in which he endeavored to show how harmonious were the real inter- ests of the various portions of society ; and in 1822, "Essays on Political Economy." This was followed by a series of tracts, extending to more than 2,000 pages. The object of all these publications was to demonstrate the ne- cessity of the protective system, as the only means of promoting the real interests of all classes of the community. He was active in the promotion of all the public works of his city and state, and advocated the system of in-