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 722 CANOVAI reputation as a sculptor has greatly declined. See "The Works of Canova," engravings, by Moses (3 vols., London, 1828); Deacrizione delle opere di Canova, by Albrizzi (5 vols., Pisa, 1821 -'5); Ganma et sea outrages, by Quatremere de Quincy (Paris, 1834) ; and the biographies by Missirini (2 vols., Prato, 1824), Cicognara (Venice, 1823), Rosini (Pisa, 1825), and D'Este (Florence, 1864). CAJVOVAI, Stanislao, an Italian ecclesiastic and mathematician, born in Florence, March 27, 1740, died there, Nov. 17, 1811. Having taken holy orders, he officiated as professor of mathe- matics at Cortona. In 1788, as a member of the academy of antiquities, he contended for the prize which was offered for an essay on Amer- icus Vespucius. He opposed the common opinion that Columbus was the first discoverer of the mainland of America, claiming that Vespucius one year before bun had touched upon the northern part of the continent, and had afterward landed in Brazil. His paper gained the prize, but produced much contro- versy. He published an Italian translation of Gardiner's tables of logarithms, and had a good reputation as an ecclesiastic. CANKOBERT, Francois Certain, a French mar- shal, born in the department of Gers, June 27, 1809. In 1826 he entered the military school of St. Oyr, and in 1830 enlisted as a private soldier. In 1835 he went to Africa, and du- ring the war in the Oran country was promoted to a captaincy. He distinguished himself in 1837 at the storming of Constantino. He was made a major in 1842, lieutenant colonel in 1846, colonel in 1847, and brigadier general in 1850. After the coup d'etat of 1851, in which he commanded the troops most actively en- gaged at the close, he was one of the com- missioners sent to the departments to expedite the prosecution of those who had attempted to resist that act. In 1853 he was appointed general of division, and in 1854, upon the for- mation of the army of the east, he was placed in command of the first division. He set out for the Crimea on March 13, and was slightly wounded in the battle of the Alma. After the death of St. Arnaud he took command of the army, and defeated the Russians at Inker- man, where he was again wounded (Nov. 5, 1854). The general dissatisfaction in the allied armies at the slow progress of the siege of Se- bastopol, and questions as to the ability of both the English and French commanders, prompted Canrobert to resign to his subordinate, Gen. Pelissier (May 16, 1855), after which he re- sumed command of his division. His health failing, he returned to France, and was made marshal March 18, 1856, and subsequently senator. From the British queen he also re- ceived the grand cross of the bath. In 1859 he took command of the 3d corps of the army of the Alps, served with great distinction at Magenta, and at Solferino effected a movement which gave valuable assistance to Marshal Niel. When France declared war against Prussia in CANSTEIN 1870, Canrobert commanded the 6th army corps. He participated in the battles around Metz, and after the defeat at Gravelotte (Aug. 18) was shut up with Bazaine in that fortress, and on its capitulation, Oct. 27, was sent a prisoner to Germany. In October, 1872, he was made a member of the supreme council of war, which was intrusted with the organization and administration of the army. CANSTATT, or Cannstadt, a town of Wurtem- berg, on both sides of the Neckar, 2 m. N. E. of Stuttgart; pop. in 1872, 11,804, chiefly Prot- estants. The old town, on the right bank of the Neckar, is much inferior in appear- ance to its more modern suburbs, with the chief of which, situated on the left bank, it is connected by a stone bridge, built in 1837. Between the town and one of its suburbs is one of the most remarkable buildings in Germany, the Wilhelma palace, in the Sara- cenic style, finished in 1851 by the late King William, and intended as his summer resi- dence. The site of Canstatt was so chosen as to make it one of the chief centres of the Neckar trade ; and it has also a considerable industry. Cotton cloth, hosiery, enamelled cloth, and other goods are manufactured. The town de- rives much of its importance from its mineral waters. There are 40 springs, yielding a luke- warm saline water used for drinking and ba- thing. The most extensive baths are on the island in the Neckar opposite the town. On the surrounding hills are several noteworthy buildings : the Rosenstein, a country residence of the royal family ; a royal villa completed in 1864; and on the hill called the Rothenberg a Byzantine chapel erected in memory of Queen Catharine, who died in 1819, occupying the site of the ancient castle of Wurtemberg. Can- statt appears in history before the time of Charlemagne. CANSTEIN, Karl Hildebrand, Freiherr von, the originator of a system for the diffusion of Bib- lical knowledge in Germany, and founder of the Canstein Bible society of Halle, born at Lindenberg, Aug. 4, 1667, died in Berlin, Aug. 19, 1719. He studied jurisprudence, made an extended journey through Europe, and in 1689 became attached to the court of Brandenburg as chamberlain to Frederick III. He resigned his office to accompany as a volunteer the army sent from Brandenburg into Flanders, serving with them during several campaigns before the peace of Ryswick. Illness, how- ever, compelled him to abandon military life, and he returned to Berlin. Here he became acquainted with Spener and other prominent theologians, and from this time he began to devote his attention to the best method for the diffusion of religious knowledge, but published nothing till 1710, when he explained the plan upon which he had decided, in a work entitled Ohnmassgebender VorsMag, wie Oottes Wort den Armen zur Erbauung um einen geringen Preis in die Hiinde zu bringen sei. Aided by subscriptions, he had by 1713 published the