Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume III.djvu/704

 694: CANCALE CANDAHAB was sent by him to command at New York from July 14 to Nov. 15, 1863, to suppress draft riots. On May 7, 1864, he was promoted major general of volunteers, and took com- mand of the department of West Mississippi. He conducted the operations against Mobile, twice received the national thanks from the president, captured the city April 12, 1865, and received the surrender of the confeder- ate armies of Gens. Taylor and E. K. Smith. He was severely wounded in 1864, was twice breveted, and was commissioned brigadier general in the regular army July 28, 1866. He was often chosen for special and difficult duty, and in 1869 he took command of the department of the Columbia. Difficulty aris- ing with the Modoc Indians in the winter of 1872-'3, he devoted himself to its settlement, and was holding a parley at a short distance from his camp with a flag of truce, when he was treacherously shot by a Modoc chief known as Captain Jack. CANCALE, a seaport town of France, depart- ment of Ille-et-Vilaine, situated on the W. end of St. Michael's bay, 10 m. N. E. of St. Malo ; pop. in 1866, 6,400. The harbor is enclosed by a chain of rocks, named Rochers de Cancale, where are found excellent oysters. CANCER (Lat., a crab), the fourth sign in the zodiac, designated by the mark gg ; also, a con- stellation of stars formerly occupying the sign Cancer. The tropic of Cancer is the northern boundary of the torrid zone, where the sun is vertical at noon at the summer solstice. CANCER, a malignant disease which attacks various organs of the human body, and tends to the progressive invasion of neighboring tis- sues and the final destruction of the parts ; so called, because in some forms of the disease the fibrous ramifications extending in various directions were likened to the limbs of a crab. The most familiar and characteristic form of cancer is that which attacks the female breast, usually past the middle period of life. It first appears as local induration situated beneath the skin, in the glandular tissue of the organ, for the most part in the neighborhood of the nipple. It increases slowly in size, becomes adherent to the skin, and involves more and more of the substance of the breast. In most cases sharp lancinating pains are experienced at this time, sometimes causing much distress. When the glandular substance of the breast has become fully affected, it is also found to be ad- herent to the walls of the chest, so that it can no longer be moved from side to side, and the skin over its whole surface is discolored, smooth in texture, raised in irregular knobs or emi- nences, and in spots red and tender. The early hardness now yields to local softening, the skin gives way at some prominent point, and the ulcer thus formed shows no tendency to heal, but constantly enlarges, and discharges a dark- colored and foetid exudation. Subsequently the morbid growth involves the subjacent mus- cles, the ribs, and even the substance of the lungs. Internal cancer, however, is often de- veloped as a secondary affection, without being directly continuous with the external growth. The patient may be gradually exhausted by the pain, discharge, and constitutional irritation dependent upon external cancer alone, or the fatal termination may be principally due to the secondary affection of the internal organs. The course of cancer is for the most part slow, re- quiring several years to pass through its suc- cessive stages. This is generally the case in cancer of the breast. In other forms, particu- larly where the morbid growth is softer and more vascular at the outset, it often terminates in a few months, or even weeks. Cancerous tumors, while still movable and well defined, are often removed by surgical operation with great relief to the patient. CANCRIS, Georg, count, a Russian statesman, born at Hanau in Germany, Dec. 8, 1774, died in St. Petersburg, Sept. 22, 1845. He was educated in Germany, and while at Gottingen published a treatise on mining interests. He was employed in the Eussian civil service in the department of the interior, and while there published a pamphlet upon the commissariat, at that time notorious for disorder and malver- sation. This led to his transfer in 1796 to the commissariat of the war department. In 1811 he was appointed a councillor of state, and at the beginning of the war of 1812 he became commissary general of the western army, and in 1813 of the whole Russian forces, partici- pated in the campaigns of 1813-'14, and accom- panied the emperor Alexander to Paris. Some question as to Cancrin's integrity in negotia- tions with the French government in 1815 led to his resignation as commissary, but he re- mained in the service. During this period he wrote Weltreichthum, Nationalreielithum und Staatswirthschaft, a treatise on political econ- omy (St. Petersburg. 1821), and Ueber die Mili- tarolconomie im Frieden und Kriege (3 vols. 8vo, 1822-'3). He was minister of finance from 1823 until his death. He farmed out the monopoly of the sale of salt and liquors, with profit to the government, and promoted in- dustry by a stringent protective tariff. CANDACE, an Ethiopian queen who invaded Egypt in 22 B. 0., but was defeated by Pe- tronius, the Roman governor. In the Acts of the Apostles mention is made of Candace, queen of the Ethiopians, that is, of Upper Nubia, between the Nile and. the Atbara. Candace was probably not an individual name, but the title of a succession of female sovereigns. CANDAIIAR, or Kandahar. I. A S. province of Afghanistan, consisting of mountains and arid plains, bounded N. by the territory of the Hezareh, N. E. by Cabool, S. E, by Sevvistan, S. by Beloochistan, and W. by Seistan and Herat. The country is generally barren, but there are some fertile regions, by the rivers, where grain, tobacco, and fruits are produced. Among the wild animals are wolves, hyaenas, bears, leopards, wild asses, &c. ; and among the