Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume III.djvu/673

 CAMPHAUSEN CAMPHOR 667 together the whole chain of vertebrated ani- mals, men, apes, quadrupeds, birds, reptiles, and fishes, lie published separate dissertations on several medical topics, together with a series of memoirs for different learned societies. Among the principal of these are essays on inoculation for smallpox ; on the origin and color of negroes ; on the signs of life and death in new-born infants ; on the causes of infanti- cide and suicide ; on the intromission of air into the lungs of new-born children ; and on the operation of lithotomy. In 1803 a collec- tion of his works was published at Paris, in 3 vols. 8vo, with a folio atlas of plates. CAMPHAUSEN, ffilhelni, a German painter, born at Dusseldorf, Feb. 8, 1818. His special- ty is battle pieces, and in order to familiarize himself with such subjects he served as a vol- unteer in the army. His first productions, "Tilly at Breitenfeld" and "Prince Eugene at Belgrade," were successful. Among his works are " Godfrey de Bouillon at Ascalon," " Puri- tans watching the Enemy," "A Convoy of Pris- oners of Cromwell's Camp," "Storming of an English Castle by the Soldiers of Cromwell," "Charles II. on his Flight from the Battle of Worcester," and " Charles I. at Naseby." In 1859 he became professoi of historical painting at the academy of Dusseldorf. ( IMI'llKNK (a contraction of camphogen, from camphor and Gr. yfaeiv, to produce), a name commonly applied to purified oil of tur- pentine, but which is also the generic name for the volatile oils or hydrocarbons, isomcric or polymeric with oil of turpentine. Most of them are isomeric, consisting of CioHj 6, as oil of turpentine, oil of lemons, oil of juniper, the more volatile part of oil of bergamot,caoutchine, &c. ; some, as colophme, appear to consist of CuoHja. Many of tBe camphenes exist ready formed in plants, and are sometimes contained in natural oils associated with oxygenated compounds from which they may be separated by practical distillation. All the camphenes are liquid at ordinary temperatures, except Berthelot's, which melts at 114 F., with an average density of 0-8 to 0'9 ; oil of parsley, however, being slightly heavier than water. Their boiling points range from 311 to 329 F. A few boil at higher points, as oil of copaiba, 482 ; petrolene, 536 ; and metate- rebene, at about 680. Camphenes are dis- tinguished from each other by their odors, some of which are very fragrant, while others are disagreeable; and also by their influence on polarized light, some turning the plane of polarization to the right, others to the left. Oxygen is readily absorbed by the camphenes and converted into ozone. Chlorine, bromine, and iodine decompose them with evolution of heat, these bodies taking the place of a por- tion of the hydrogen, by which reaction the adulteration of other volatile oils with cam- phenes may be detected. A camphene may yield several isomeric modifications when treated with different acids, or by repeated treatment with the same acid. Such modifi- cations are called camphenes of the second order, or campherenes. Another class are of the third order, called camphilenes, and are obtained by acting on the hydrochlorates of camphenes with lime or baryta at high tem- peratures. The following is a list of some of the principal camphenes : oil of bergamot, oil of lemon, oil of hops,- neutral oil of cloves, oil of pepper, oil of savin, oil of parsley, oil of gomart, oil of copaiba, oil of elemi, petroleue, caoutchine, thymene, tolene, oil of turpentine. The purified oil of turpentine, or camphene of commerce, is obtained by distilling the oil over quicklime, which separates the resin. It has been much used for purposes of illumination, but its employment is attended with danger. For complete combustion it requires a large supply of air, because of the great proportion of carbon. When burned in a properly con- structed lamp it yields a brilliant light. Mixed with three times its volume of alcohol, it forms the " burning fluid " which at one time was extensively used in lamps having long safety tubes. Both of these preparations have been almost entirely superseded by kerosene or re- fined petroleum. CA9IPHOR, the name given to different con- crete volatile products, commonly obtained by distillation from the chipped wood, roots, and leaves of certain aromatic plants, and con- densed by sublimation into a solid form. As known in commerce, camphor is procured only from Japan and the islands of Formosa, Su- matra, and Borneo ; but one species of the trees which produce it is said to abound in some parts of China. In Sumatra and Borneo the product is limited to a narrow range be- tween the equator and lat. 3 N. Two kinds are known in commerce, the consumption of one of which is monopolized by the Chinese, who, by a mere whim, set a value upon it from 70 to 100 times the price of the other variety. The kind they so highly esteem is the Malay article, the product of a gigantic tree, dryobalanops campJiora or aro?natica, which grows wild on the slopes of the Diri mountains in Sumatra, and in the territories of the sul- tanate of Brunai in Borneo, which attains a height of more than 100 ft., and a diameter of 6 or 7 ft. Siebold describes one which measured 50 ft. in circumference. The cam- phor is obtained from this tree without em- ploying the process of separation required in procuring the other variety. It is found in concrete masses secreted in longitudinal fis- sures and crevices in the heart wood, and is extracted by splitting the trunk in pieces and picking out the lumps with a pointed instru- ment or the nail, when they are small. Some lumps have been found as large as a man's arm, but the product of a large tree does not often reach 20 Ibs. ; half this amount is a good yield for a middling-sized tree, and in hunting for one many are felled and split up with great labor that furnish no camphor;