Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume III.djvu/672

 666 CAMPEGGIO or park (alameda) embellished with alleys of orange trees and with seats of native marble. Living is high at Campeachy, as compared with the other large towns of the peninsula, and the inhabitants suffer for lack of fresh water, most of the springs being brackish. The port, or more properly roads, is defended by three fortresses. Though favorably situa- ted, it is so extremely shallow that few of the numerous vessels which frequent it can ap- proach the mole constructed for that purpose. Vessels drawing 10 feet of water have to an- chor more than a mile from shore ; and those drawing 15 feet, from 6 to 7 m. off. The com- merce of Campeachy, so flourishing in former days, under the Spanish colonial system, when it had the monopoly of the imports to Yu- catan, is now confined to the export of salt, sugar, wax (from stingless bees), tafia, hides, deer skins, and articles made from the tex- tile fibres of the pita plant, which, with ci- gars, form almost the exclusive industry of the inhabitants. But the principal article of export is the famous logwood (palo de Campe- ehe), which, however, has considerably dimin- ished of late years, while that of cigars has increased. These are for the most part made of Tabasco tobacco, superior to that of Yuca- tan, and often sold in foreign markets for the Havana. The value of the imports from the United States in 1870 was $59,056 12 ; and the receipts of the custom house in 1871 amounted to $139,839 92. The climate is in general sa- lubrious, the heat being modified by the cool- ing breezes of the morning and evening ; but yellow fever still appears whenever a number of unacclimated foreigners sojourn in the city. CAMPEGGIO, Lorenzo, an Italian cardinal, born in 1474, died in Rome, July 19, 1539. He was educated for the law, married young, and upon the death of his wife took holy orders. He was appointed by Leo X. governor of Parma, and was despatched to Germany to combat the progress of Luther. Upon his return he was made cardinal, and was soon after sent to Eng- land to induce that country to join the confed- eration against the Turks. His mission failed in its main object, but he was made by Henry VIII. bishop of Salisbury. On his return he was again sent as legate to the diet of M"urem- burg, accredited with full powers to check or uproot Lutheranism. When Henry VIII. de- termined upon a divorce from Catharine of Aragon, Campeggio was again sent to England to hold a legatine court, in connection with Cardinal Wolsey, in which to judge the matter. The appeal of the queen to the pope caused Campeggio to return to Italy, where he assisted in the coronation of Charles V. at Bologna, and upon the death of Pope Clement VII. he used his influence successfully in the conclave for the election of Alexander Farnese (Paul III.). Campeggio was the friend of Erasmus, Sadolet, and other learned men of his time ; but of his numerous writings only a collection of Latin "Miscellaneous Letters" (fol., Basel, 1755) has CAMPER been published. There have been six other Italian prelates of this name. CAMPESIOJf, Francois Nicolas Vincent, a French poet, born in Guadeloupe, March 29, 1772, died at Villeneuve-sur-Corbeil, near Paris, Nov. 24, 1843. Early in the revolution he composed a romance in praise of Marie Antoinette, and was compelled to flee to Switzerland; he published in 1795 a fanciful account, in prose and verse, of his journey. After his return to Paris he published in 1800, his 6pitre auxfemmes, and soon afterward a didactic poem entitled La maison des champs. Two years later appeared his Enfant prodigue, which had an immense success, and occasioned his nomination and election to the French institute, to succeed Delille. He translated into French Robertson's "History of Scotland." CAMPER, Picter, a Dutch physician and anat- omist, born in Leyden, May 11, 1722, died at the Hague, April 7, 1789. He studied medicine at Leyden, and in 1748 travelled through Eng- land, France, and Switzerland, visiting muse- ums and collections of art, and competing for the prizes offered by academic and scientific bodies. In 1749 he was appointed professor of philosophy, medicine, and surgery at Franeker ; in 1755 professor of anatomy and surgery, and in 1758 of medicine, in the Athenseum of Am- sterdam, which position he resigned in 1761. In 1763 he became professor of medicine, sur- gery, anatomy, and botany at the university of Groningen. In 1773 he resigned this chair, and some time after he was named a member of the state council of the United Provinces. He received prizes from the academies and so- cieties of Paris, Dijon, Lyons, Toulouse, Haar- lem, and Edinburgh ; and was member of those of Berlin, St. Petersburg, London, Gottingen, and Paris. His scientific discoveries were nu- merous. In 1761 he discovered that the hol- low bones of birds are in direct communica- tion with the respiratory organs. Gabb6 had already observed that these bones in birds con- tained no marrow, and he surmised that this peculiarity was a condition of stability; but Camper showed that the air of the lungs, pen- etrating into these cavities of the bones, sub- served a special purpose in rendering the body specifically lighter as a means of rising in the air, and enabling the bird to fly. In 1774 John Hunter made the same observation, and de- scribed this peculiarity in the anatomy of birds ; and hence many English anatomists ascribe the discovery to him, which really belongs to Cam- per. He was one of the earliest ethnological students who attempted to illustrate the varie- ties of the human race. He makes the shape of the skull the basis of classification, and ex- plains the characteristic form and expression of countenance from the facial angle. He was the first who gave a correct description of the osteology of the rhinoceros, the dugong, and many other animals of different types, giving an impetus to the study of comparative anato- my. He pointed out the analogies which link