Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume III.djvu/666

 660 CAMPAN CAMPANI parts of Italy. Strabo, some 30 years later, also spoke of this fact. According to Pliny, the forms in the Campagna belonged to proprietors who resided in the city, and left them to the labor of slaves and the care of overseers. He states that C. Caacilius Claudius Isidorus died, leaving 4,116 slaves. The climate of this re- gion around Rome has considerably changed since the palmy days of the city. In 480 13. C. there was snow upon the ground for 40 days, but now it is rarely present for two successive days. During the winter and early spring the vegetation is rich and flourishing, but in sum- mer the Campagna has a dry and barren ap- pearance. The laborers upon the farms are peasants from the hills, strong, hardy men, but many of them are always more or less affected by the malaria. The principal modern towns are Tivoli, Velletri, Frascati, Terracina, Ostia, and Palestrina. HMI'.tV, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Hautes-Pyrenees, in the valley of the same name, 18 m. S. E. of Tarbes ; pop. about 3,700. The valley is bounded by Mont Aigre, traversed by the river Adour, contains the an- cient convent of Medous, the priory St. Paul, and the village 1'Esponnes. It is celebrated for its picturesque scenery, for its stalactite grotto, and for its quarries of marble, which extend along the Adour and the road leading to Ba- gneres de Bigorre. The finest of these are the green and flesh-colored varieties, with red and white veins, known as the Campan marble, and the blood-red, or Griotte, full of fossilized shells, the spirals of which are disclosed in cut- ting. Knitting the fine wool of the Pyrenees, brought from Spain, gives employment to many females. Among the articles produced are shawls and scarfs of woollen gauze, as thin as lace. The so-called crepe de Bareges is also made here. Jean Paul Richter's Campaner- thal was inspired by the beauties of this valley. CAJIPAN, Jeanne Louise Henriette Genest, a French teacher, born in Paris, Oct. 6, 1752, died at Nantes in 1822. She was appointed reader to the daughters of Louis XV. when only 15 years old, and after her marriage with M. Campan was attached to the person of Marie Antoinette. She showed great devo- tion to the queen during the revolutionary troubles, and barely escaped with her life on the storming of the Tuileries. Bereft of all her fortune by the revolution, she opened a young ladies' boarding school at St. Germain in 1794, secured the patronage of Mme. Beauhar- nais, afterward the empress Josephine, and at- tracted the attention and won the esteem of Napoleon, by whom she was in 1806 appoint- ed superintendent of the school founded by him at Ecouen for the daughters, sisters, and nieces of officers killed on the battle field, over which she presided seven years until it was suppressed by the Bourbons. She was the sister of M. Genest, the French minister to the United States during the second administra- tion of Washington. Her works upon educa- tion scarcely rise above mediocrity ; but her Journal aneedotique, Correspondance inedite avec la reine Hortense, and Memoires sur la me privee de Marie Antoinette are full of interest. CAMPANELLA, Tonimaso, an Italian philoso- pher, born at Stilo in Calabria, Sept. 5, 1568, died in Paris, March 21, 1639. When very young he displayed unusual aptitude for learn- ing, especially languages. His father wished him to become a lawyer, but he joined the Dominicans and studied theology. When but 17 years of age, studying at Cosenza, his pro- fessor was engaged to take part in a discussion upon philosophy; but being unwell, he sent Campanella in his place, who astonished his audience by the force of his argument against Aristotle. In 1590 he published his own opin- ions ; the work gained him some admirers, but so many enemies that he left Naples and went successively to Rome, Venice, Florence, Padua, and Bologna. In 1598 he returned to Naples, and went thence to his native place. Being suspected of joining a conspiracy against the Spanish government, he was seized and put to the rack, and finally carried to Spain and imprisoned. In 1626 Pope Urban VIII. ob- tained his extradition from Philip IV. of Spain, and he was transferred to the inquisition at Rome. He was set at liberty in 1629, and in 1634 fled to France. By the aid of Riche- lieu he received from Louis XIII. a pension of 2,000 livres. He entered a Dominican con- vent, where he ended his life. Campanella was distinguished rather for undermining other systems than for raising one 'of his own. His most celebrated works were written during his imprisonment. Among them are the follow- ing: Philosophic*, Rationalis ; Universal Phi- losophia; Apologia pro Galilao (4to, 1622); De Prcedestinatione, Electione, Beprobatione, et Auxiliis Divince Gratia, contra Thomisticoi (Paris, 1636) ; and De Monarchia Hispanica (translated into English, London, 1654). OMI'AMIA. an inland town of Brazil, in the province of Minas Geraes, 180 m. N. W. of Rio de Janeiro ; lat. 21 42' S., Ion. 46 48' W. ; pop. 3,200. The streets are regular, and cross each other at right angles ; the houses, for the most part built of mud and detached, are sur- rounded each by a garden. There are several churches, a college, two schools, a theatre, hos- pital, prison, and town hall. The inhabitants are mainly occupied in mining. CAMPANI, Matteo and Giuseppe, two brothers, natives of the diocese of Spoleto, Italy, lived in the latter half of the 17th century. Matteo, the elder brother, or Campani Alimenis, as he was called, was a curate in Rome. Both of them are known in science as opticians. Mat- teo was the inventor of illuminated clock dials, and celebrated for being the first to grind ob- ject glasses of great focal length; 205 palms, or 160 feet focal distance, being the largest. W T ith Campani's Object glasses, two of the sat- ellites of Saturn were discovered. He was the inventor of the magic lantern, and made some