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 CAMBRIDGE 643 $750,000, and 4 savings banks. The govern- ment is vested in a mayor, a board of 10 alder- men, 2 from each ward, and a common council of 20 members, all of whom are elected an- nually on the first Monday in December, and enter upon their official duties the first Monday in January. The city hall is in Cambridge- port, and the court house and jail are in East Cambridge. The police department comprises a police justice, two special justices, and a chief of police, with a force of 46 members. The fire department comprises 84 members under a chief and 4 assistant engineers, 4 steam fire engines, one hook and ladder truck, 8,000 ft. of hose, and a fire-alarm telegraph. The city is supplied with water from Fresh, Spy, and Little ponds, whence it is brought to two reservoirs for distribution. The total cost of the water works to Dec. 1, 1872, was $1,030,384. The debt of the city, Dec. 1, 1872, was $2,185,843. The total expenditures for 1872 amounted to $1,284,314. The total valu- ation of property amounted to $21,527,100 in 1862, $28,385,700 in 1866, and $48,609,000 in 1871. The total tax, including state, county, and city, in 1871, was $748,862. The public schools are of a high order, and are classified as primary and grammar schools and a high school. In the last named, which ranks among the best in New England, students are pre- pared for college. In 1872 there were 35 pub- lic schools, including 7 evening schools. The number of school houses was 27. There were 7,000 pupils and 165 teachers, of whom 145 were females. In the high school were 300 pupils and 9 instructors. The total expendi- tures for school purposes during the year amounted to $235,000. Besides the public schools, there were 20 private schools with 630 pupils. The principal public library is the Dana library at Carnbridgeport, containing 5,500 volumes. A course of free lectures is given annually by the Dowse institute, sup- ported by a bequest of $10,000 by Thomas Dowse. Two weekly newspapers and one bi- weekly are published in the city. There are 27 churches, viz. : 5 Baptist, 5 Congregational (Trinitarian), 4 Congregational (Unitarian), 4 Episcopal, 3 Methodist, 3 Roman Catholic, and 3 Oniversalist. Cambridge was settled in 1630, at first under the name of Newtown, by Gov. Winthrop and other prominent men, who de- signed to make it the chief town in Massachu- setts colony. The annual election for governor was for several years held under an oak tree on the common. The Rev. Mr. Hooker and the Rev. Mr. Stone, graduates of Cambridge university, England, were the first settled ministers of the place, both of whom subsequently accompa- nied the Connecticut settlers in their journey through the wilderness, and founded Hartford. Mr. Hooker was settled in 1632, and soon had for parishioners the learned men of the colony, most of whom had graduated at Cambridge. In 1636 the general court appropriated 400 for the establishment of a public school at New- town, which in 1638 was further endowed by the Rev. John Harvard, minister of Charles- town. In honor of the place where the chief men of the colony had received their educa- tion, the name of the town was changed to Cambridge, and the school was styled Harvard college. During the war of the revolution, the American army occupied Cambridge while the British were in possession of Boston. The city was incorporated in 1846. CAMBRIDGE, the county town of Cambridge- shire, England, and seat of a famous universi- ty, situated on the river Cam, 49 m. N. of Lon- don; pop. in 1871, 30,074. The town is in the centre of an agricultural district, and has un excellent market. The principal buildings j besides the colleges are the guildhall, a hand- some modern structure ; several churches, in- cluding St. Sepulchre, built in imitation of the church of the Holy Sepulchre at Jeru- salem, and consecrated in 1101; and Ad- denbrooke's hospital. A school of art was Church of St. Sepulchre. established here in August, 1858. King John gave Cambridge a guild, and the privilege of being governed by a provost of its own choos- ing, an office for which Henry III. substituted a mayor and four bailiffs. The borough of Cambridge is governed by 10 aldermen and 30 councillors, one of whom is mayor, and it re- turns two members to the house of commons, besides the two sent by the university. There are places of worship for Wesleyans and Prim- itive Methodists, for Baptists and Indepen- dents ; a free grammar school for 100 scholars ; and various charitable, educational, and literary institutions, including an industrial school, a mechanics' institute, and the Philo union. CAMBRIDGE, Unhersity of, an English seat of learning, of very ancient origin. It is probable that it was a place of resort for students as early as the 7th century. The date of its in- corporation as a university is 15 Henry III. (1231), and it received its first formal charter