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 BONDI BONE 57 tion of the observatory of Harvard university in 1839, and became its director when com- pleted. From that time he was constantly en- gaged in astronomical observations and studies, and published the results in the " Annals of the Observatory of Harvard College." He also invented a device for visibly measuring tune to a small fraction of a second, and was among the first to use photography as a means of record- ing the aspects of heavenly bodies. He re- ceived the degree of A. M. from Harvard uni- versity in 1842, and became a member of the academy of arts and sciences, of the philo- sophical society, and of the royal astronomical society of London. II. George Phillips, son of the preceding, born at Dorchester, Mass., May 20, 1825, died in Cambridge, Feb. 17, 1865. He graduated at Harvard college in 1845, and be- came an assistant to his father in the observa- tory, succeeding to its full charge on the latter's death. He wrote several valuable astronom- ical works, among which are a " Treatise on the Construction of the Rings of Saturn," and the " Elements of the Orbits of Hyperion and the Satellite of Neptune." The satellite of Nep- tune and the 8th satellite of Saturn were dis- covered by himself and his father. He re- ceived a gold medal from the royal astronomi- cal society for a work on Donati's comet. BONDI, Clcmente, an Italian poet, born at Miz- zano, near Parma, in 1742, died in Vienna in June, 1821. He acquired renown in 1773 by his Giornata villarecia, published in Parma, where he was professor of rhetoric. His ode relative to the suppression of the society of Jesus, which event took place shortly after his admission to it, giving offence to influential parties, he fled to Tyrol, and subsequently became a protege of the Austrian archduke Ferdinand, acting as librarian and tutor. In Vienna he instructed the wife of the emperor Francis in history and literature. His works chiefly consist of cele- brated translations of Virgil's ^Eneid and Ovid's Metamorphoses, and of lyrical, didactic, satir- ical, and other poetry, which bears some resem- blance to that of Metastasio. A complete edi- tion of his original poetry was published in Vienna in 1808, in 3 vols. BONDOO, a kingdom of Senegambia in W. Af- rica, between the Senegal and the upper Gambia. The surface of the country, which is generally flat, save in the southern and central parts, where it rises into hills of moderate height, is covered with vast forests and low stunted bushes. From the hills torrents descend dur- ing the rainy season to the Senegal and Fiilum6 rivers. In the vicinity of the towns, where the forests have been cleared away, the soil is found to be light and productive. Cotton, grain, rice, indigo, tobacco, and pepper are cul- tivated with some industry, while different varieties of fruit are found in great profusion. The climate is warm, but not unhealthy. The population, consisting chiefly of Foolahs and Mandingos, is estimated at about 1,500,000. The Foolahs are the dominant tribe. The people are professedly Mohammedans, but not very strict. In every town there are schools in which the reading and writing of Arabic are taught. The people are of a light copper color, Bondooe. and in form and feature resemble the Europeans more nearly than any other tribe of W. Africa, except the Moors. The king possesses absolute power, and has under his command a consider- able body of troops. The capital town is Buli- bani (pop. about 3,000), situated in an exten- sive plain at the foot of a range of rocky hills. It is surrounded by a clay wall pierced with loopholes. The houses are small and irregular ; the streets narrow, crooked, and dirty. The useful arts are held in high esteem, and a good trade is carried on with some of .the Moorish territories. One of the towns, Samcocolo, is famous for its skilful workers in iron and gold. BONE, the substance which forms the in- ternal skeleton of man and the vertebrated animals, constituting the framework of support, the levers by which force is exerted and loco- motion performed, and the boxes or cages in which are enclosed the internal organs. The bony parts of the vertebruted animals are very different in structure and composition from the hard external skeletons of the invertebrata. Bone consists of an organic and an inorganic material, which may be obtained separately by the following simple processes : steep a bone in dilute muriatic or nitric acid ; the inorganic or earthy matter is dissolved out, and the organic substance remains, retaining the original size of the bone, and easily bent. In this way is obtained the cartilaginous basis of the bone, on which its shape depends. On the contrary, if a bone be subjected to a strong heat, the organic or animal part is burned out, and the earthy part remains, retaining its form, but