Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume III.djvu/628

 622 CALLOT and a supporter of Spartan interests in that city. In June, 871 B. C., he accompanied the ambassadors from Athens to the Lacedaemonian congress then assembled at Sparta to negotiate a peace. He made an effective speech advo- cating the separate autonomy of the Grecian cities, and on that basis the treaty was conclu- ded. In 366 he defended himself and his for- mer colleague Chabrias, when prosecuted for advising the intrusting of the town of Oropus to the Thebans ; and Demosthenes was so much impressed by his eloquence on this occasion that he resolved to devote himself to the study of oratory. Oallistratus was acquitted, but he was not forgiven by the people, and in 361 was on some pretext condemned to death. He went into banishment in Macedonia, where he is said to have founded Datum, afterward Nea- polis, the seaport of Philippi. Some years later he returned to Athens and was put to death. (ALLOT, Jacques, a French painter and en- graver, born at Nancy about 1593, died there in March, 1635. His father, Jean Oallot, who was herald at arms of the duchy of Lorraine, opposed the passion for art which he showed, even while learning to write, in designs for the letters of the alphabet, and in crayon drawings of soldiers, street beggars, singers, and mounte- banks. In order to become an artist he ran away from home when but 12 years of age, and while journeying to Italy fell in with a band of gypsies at Lucerne, joined them, and improved his time by making sketches repre- senting his companions in camp and on the march. He left them at Florence, where he stayed for a while, and studied under Remigio Oantagallina, becoming familiar with the old masters. He then proceeded toward Eome, but was hardly in sight of the city when he was recognized by some merchants from Nancy, who took him back by force to his home. He again escaped, but was taken and brought back by his older brother, who lay in wait for him at Turin. But his persistence was such that his family finally allowed him to accompany to Rome the ambassador of Lorraine who an- nounced to the pope the accession of Duke Henry II. There he studied drawing under Giulio Parigi, and the use of the graver un- der Philippe Thomassin ; but he soon aban- doned the graver for the point. He went again to Florence, where he gained great popularity and was patronized by Cosmo II. After Cos- mo's death he went to Nancy, where he mar- ried in 1625, then to Brussels, where he illus- trated the siege and capture of Breda, and finally in 1628 to Paris, where he was engaged by Louis XIII. to illustrate the siege of La Ro- chelle and the attack and capture of the isle of Re. He refused to celebrate in the same man- ner the capture of his native city by that mon- arch in 1633, and also declined a pension of- fered him by Louis, who, instead of being displeased at the artist's patriotism, accounted the duke of Lorraine fortunate in having such subjects. Callot worked with wonderful ease CALMAR and rapidity, showed great fertility of inven- tion, and was peculiarly successful in the pre- sentation of the grotesque and horrible. The number of his plates is over 1,600 ; among the more celebrated are the sieges above named, the two "Temptations of St. Anthony," the " Murder of the Innocents," " The Punish- ments," the great "Passion of Jesus Christ," in seven plates, the little " Passion," in twelve plates, martyrdoms, miracles, and fairs. CALLUS, any unnatural hardness in the body, particularly of the skin, as on the hands or feet, from friction or pressure. When these excres- cences are of such a size or so situated as to produce pain or inconvenience, relief is ob- tained by paring away the projecting non-vas- cular parts, and by protecting the skin from a continuance of the friction or pressure which caused the induration. The most common ap- plication of the word, however, is to the new growth of osseous matter around and between the extremities of fractured bones, serving to unite them. The mode of reparation is attend- ed by the following changes: 1. Extravasation of blood where the bone is fractured. After this is absorbed, liquor sanguinis is effused, and assumes the position which the blood had occu- pied. 2. This consolidates, and the watery por- tion being absorbed, the rest becomes organized. 3. This period of plastic exudation lasts eight or ten days, and then becomes quasi-cartilaginous. 4. This mass contracts, increases in density, and gradually becomes very hard and strong. 5. The ossification or solidification advances from the periphery, and the fractured .extremities are now surrounded by a bony case termed the provisional callus. 6. After this is formed, con- tinuity is truly restored by the formation of what is called definitive callus or true bone, which takes place between the fractured ex- tremities. 7. Finally, the provisional callus is absorbed and disappears. It was formed mere- ly to serve as a natural case or splint to main- tain the broken extremities in their position, while the osseous reparation was proceeding to restore the natural unity and continuity of structure. CiLMAR, or Kalinar. I. A Ian or district of Sweden, province of Gothland, bounded N. W. and N. by Ostergothland, E. by the Baltic and Calmar sound, S. by the Ian of Blekinge, and W. by Kronoberg and Jonkoping; area, 4,480 sq. m. ; pop. in 1871, 234,597. The coast is much indented and very rocky, especially in the north, where there are numerous islands. The coun- try is full of lakes, and, although nowhere very mountainous, in the north is hilly and rocky. The only river of importance is the Em An. There are large forests of beech and pine tim- ber, and the fisheries of the coast are very pro- ductive. II. The capital of the district, situa- ted on the Calmar sound, opposite the island of Oland, 190 m. S. S. W. of Stockholm; lat. 56 40' N., Ion. 1620'E.; pop. in 1869, 9,421. It is built partly on a small island and partly on the mainland, the two parts being connected