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 CALAIS OALAMATTA 563 flour mills, and a number of small establishments for various kinds of wood manufacture. On the head waters of the St. Croix several large tan- neries have been recently built at a cost of nearly $1,000,000. The city contains a nation- al bank with a capital of $100,000, and a savings bank with deposits in 1870 amounting to $87,882 39. The valuation of estates in 1870 was $1,523,452. There are 16 school houses, and the city is divided into 9 school districts, 2 of which have graded schools, each containing 4 grades; average attendance, about 1,200. In 1 870, $10,000 were raised for school purposes. The city contains a large city hall, an opera house, 2 weekly newspapers, 3 post offices, 4 hotels, and 10 churches. The govern- ment is administered by a mayor and 5 alder- men (one for each ward). Within the city limits, at the mouth of the river, lies St. Croix or Big island, on which Pierre du Gast, sieur de Monts, wintered in 1604-'5, on the voyage in which he founded Port Royal in Nova Sco- tia, the first permanent French settlement in America. Calais was organized as a town in 1809, and incorporated as a city in 1850. In August, 1870, a large part of the city was con- sumed by fire, about 40 acres of the most thick- ly settled portion being burned over, together with 15 wharves and about 20 vessels. It has been entirely rebuilt with larger and more com- modious structures, and in the business portion largely of brick and stone. CALAIS, a seaport town of France, in the department of Pas-de-Calais, on the strait of Dover, 19 m. N. N. E. of Boulogne, and 150 N. of Paris; pop. in 1866, 12,727. It is situated in a barren district, and is fortified by a citadel and several forts. The harbor, formed by two long wooden piers, is shal- low. There is a lighthouse 190 ft. high near the outer ramparts. Steamers ply daily across the strait to Dover, with which it is con- nected by a submarine telegraph. It is en- tered from the sea through a drawbridge and gate erected by Cardinal Richelieu in 1635. The streets are broad and well paved, and the houses neat in appearance, mostly of stone and brick. The ramparts afford a pleasant promenade. English is very generally spoken. The noteworthy buildings are the church of Notre Dame, built during the English occupa- tion, and containing Vandyke's famous paint- ing of the Assumption ; the h6tel de ville, con- taining the public offices, and surmounted by a belfry with chimes; and the hotel de Guise, established by Edward III. for the wool sta- plers' guild. In front of the h6tel de ville are busts of Eustace de St. Pierre, Francis duke of Guise, and Cardinal Richelieu; behind it is la tour du Guet, which dates from 1214, and was formerly used as a lighthouse. Calais has manufactures of tulle, gloves, and hats, and exports wine, brandy, and eggs. Car- riages are a considerable article of trade, and ship building and fisheries are important branches of industry. Prior to the 10th cen- tury Calais was an insignificant fishing village, but it was greatly improved in 997 by Bald- win IV., count of Flanders, and enlarged and strengthened by Philip of France, count of The Place d'Armes, with the Hotel de Ville and Lighthouse. Boulogne, in the early part of the 13th cen- tury. It was taken by the 'English under Ed- ward III. in 1347, after a long siege, Eus- tace de St. Pierre and five companions being accepted as a ransom for the whole population, and being themselves spared at the intercession of Queen Philippa. It was retaken by the French under the duke of Guise in 1558, and since that time has remained in their hands except for two years (1596-'8), when it was held by the Spaniards. Charles II. of England lived there for some time in 1659, and James II. mustered his forces there for the invasion of Ireland. The spot at which Louis XVIII. landed, April 24, 1814, after his exile, is marked by a column with an inscription commemora- ting the event. CALAMANDER WOOD, a hard and beautiful wood imported from Ceylon. It is taken from the heart of the diospyroi hirtuta, a species of the genus of trees which produces ebony. It has a great variety of color, the prevailing shade being a delicate chocolate, and is adapted to ornamental work, as it takes a fine polish. It is very scarce and costly. The name is be- lieved to be a corruption of Coromandel wood. CALAMA1TA, Lnlgl, an Italian engraver, born at Civita Vecchia in 1802, died in Milan, March 8, 1869. He early went to Paris, and became famous in 1834 by his engraving of a head of Napoleon, taken at St. Helena after his death, and of Ary Scheffer's Francesca da Rimini. At the Paris exhibitions of 1855 and 1867 were shown many of his works, including etchings after paintings by Leonardo da Vinci,