Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume III.djvu/568

 562 CALADIUM CALAIS descendants it became a part of the kingdom of Naples, and so remained until the consolida- tion of the kingdom of Italy in 1860. For an- cient Calabria (now Terra d'Otranto) see APU- LIA, and MESSAPIA. CALAUIIM, a genus of plants of the order araeece or aroidem. Bpathe convolute, straight ; spadix with hermaphrodite flowers, rudimen- tary below and with sterile appendix ; an- thers many, 1-celled, opening at the apex by a pore ; ovaries many, crowded, free ; bicelled, 2^1 ovules in each cell, which are ascending and orthotropous ; stigmas terminal, sessile ; berries 1-2-celled, few-seeded ; seeds angular, with coriaceous testa. Plants with large fleshy rhizome, peltate leaves, and fragrant flowers. The genus is found in the tropical regions of America, but has been introduced elsewhere, so that some species are found throughout the Pacific islands and in tropical Asia and Africa. As an ornamental plant Caladium esculentnm. many species of caladium are cultivated under glass, and are distinguished by their beautiful mottled or variegated leaves. The leaves of some species attain a great size and form a characteristic feature of the landscape in trop- ical swamps. The rhizoma of C. (colocasium) esculentum is a very important article of food. It is cultivated in shallow ponds or tanks, the bottom being carefully dug over and worked to the depth of one or two feet; in this the sprouts or the bases of the leaves are planted, and a few inches of water let on. The sprouts are set 12 or 18 inches apart according to the variety, and as they grow the depth of water .is increased. In a year the crop is ready for use. As the patch is cleared new sprouts are planted, and the whole is sel- dom cleared oftener than once in six years. The rhizoma is roasted and pounded with water to make the paste called by the Ha- waiians and other Pacific islanders poi, which forms their main food. It contains much starch, and is very nutritious. The leaf stems are also boiled and eaten. CALAHORRA (anc. Calagurris), a town of Old Castile, Spain, in the province and 20 m. S. E. of Logrofio, on the river Cidacos near its junc- tion with the Ebro ; pop. in 1867, 7,104. It is old and decayed in appearance, and its houses are generally mean ; its cathedral, in the mixed Gothic style, and an episcopal palace, are alone worthy of note. Calahorra is memorable as the birthplace of Quintilian, St. Dominic, and Prudentius, the first Christian poet, and for its desperate but unsuccessful resistance to a Ro- man siege in 71 B. C. The remains of Roman towers and an aqueduct may still be traced. The celebrated warm baths of Amedillo are within a short distance of Cnlahorra. CALAIS, a city and one of the capitals of Wash- ington county, Maine, at the head of tide water on the St. Croix river, 15 m. from Pas- samaquoddy bay, opposite St. Stephen, New Brunswick, and 75 m. E. by N. of Bangor ; pop. in 1870, 5,944. Five bridges span the river at this point. The St. Croix and Penob- scot railroad, completed to Princeton, 22 m., will connect with the European and North American line, forming a continuous route to Bangor. A branch of the New Brunswick and Canada railroad terminates at St. Stephen. The tide rises at Calais from 20 to 28 feet. Lines of steamers ply to St. John on the east and Portland and Boston on the west. The water power is of a superior character, the large lakes at the head of the river acting as reservoirs during the dry season, and prevent- 'ing sudden rises by freshets. The chief in- dustry is the manufacture and trade in lumber, which is obtained from the extensive forests on the upper St. Croix. The arrivals of ves- sels in the year 1872 numbered 1,195, and the departures 1,196. The exports of long lumber from the river in that year were over 100,000,- 000 ft., of which about 30,000,000 went to for- eign parts. The exports of short lumber were 82,000,000 laths, 40,000,000 shingles, 1,500,000 pickets, 353,000 ft. of spool Stuff, 160,000 hoops, 150,000 broom handles, 110,000 clapboards, 75,000 railroad ties, 51,000 ship knees, and 12,000 spruce poles. The machinery for saw- ing lumber is propelled exclusively by water power, and consists of 63 mills and 40 lath and shingle machines. Nearly all the mills contain gangs of saws, each gang containing 16 mova- ble upright saws in a single frame, the whole having a capacity of production equal to 1,000,- 000 superficial feet of sawed lumber per day. Ship building is also an important branch of industry. From 10 to 15 vessels are built an- nually. The city owns 10,000 tons of shipping. It also has a large steam mill for the manufacture of doors, windows, and all kinds of planed lum- ber, a steam flour mill, an establishment for grinding and calcining plaster of Paris, 2 iron founderies, 2 machine shops, 2 axe manufacto- ries, a dry dock, 2 marine railways, several