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 558 CAITHNESS CAJAMAJRCA a mechanical telegraph. Four supply shafts about 2 ft. in diameter, each having doors at top and bottom, with equalizing pipes and cocks, served as the avenues for the introduc- tion of materials for the concrete with which the whole interior was finally filled. This caisson was carried to a depth of 78 ft. from mean high tide, requiring a maximum air pres- sure of about 34 Ibs. above the normal pressure. To supply this immense amount of air, 13 large compressors were provided ; the air was con- veyed by mains and rubber hose to shafts which communicated with the interior. The sinking was successfully accomplished, as had been that of a caisson nearly as large on the Brooklyn side the year before. (See BRIDGE.) CAITHNESS, the most northern county of Scotland, bounded N. by the Atlantic ocean and Pentland firth, E. and S. E. by the North sea, and W. by Sutherlandshire ; area, 712 sq. in. ; pop. in 1871, 39,989, partly of Scandina- vian descent. The extreme length is about 53 m. ; extreme breadth, 33 m. Two thirds of the surface is fiat moorland, devoid of trees, and with scanty vegetation. It rises gradually from the north and east to the ridge of hills on the border of Sutherlandshire, Morven, the highest peak, being 2,334 ft. There are many small lakes in the interior ; the Reay, Thurso, and Wick are the principal streams. The cli- mate is not severely cold, but in winter the storms are violent. The soil is light and sandy, but much of it is tolerably productive. The principal crops are oats, beans, flax, and pota- toes. The fisheries are important, herring, cod, and ling being obtained in abundance off the coast ; salmon abound in the streams, and trout in the inland lakes. The county is di- vided into 13 parishes, and returns a member to parliament. It gives the title of earl to the Sinclair family, and contains the castles of sev- eral noblemen. The principal town is Wick, on the E. coast, which has a commodious har- bor and considerable trade. CAIUS. I. A Roman general, son of Marcus Agrippa and Julia, the daughter of Augustus Cfflsar. He was adopted by Augustus, served under Tiberius in Germany, and was sent as proconsul against the Arabians, Armenians, and Parthians. He reduced Armenia and rout- ed Tigranes. He was treacherously wounded at a private interview with an enemy, and died from the effects. II. A Christian theologian and bishop of the 3d century. His origin is uncertain, but he was a disciple of St. Irenaeus. He had a conference with Proclus, the leader of the Montanists, the result of which he pub- lished in the form of a dialogue, and in 210 was appointed a bishop to the heathen in for- eign parts. He regarded the epistle of St. Paul to the Hebrews as apocryphal, and was the first who wrote against Cerinthus and the Millenarians. His last work was one aimed at those who asserted that Jesus Christ was only a man. III. A saint and bishop of Rome, a native of Dalmutia, and a relative of the empe- ror Diocletian, succeeded Eutychian Dec. 16, 283, and died April 21, 296. At the time of thfc first persecution of the Christians by Dio- cletian, he was forced to find safety in an ob- scure retreat. CAIDS, John, an English physician, founder of Cflius college, Cambridge university, born at Norwich, Oct. 6, 1510, died in Cambridge, July 29, 1573. His name was Kayo or Key, which he Latinized into Cains. He took his degrees at and became a fellow of Gonville hall, Cambridge, and distinguished himself at the age of 20 by translating Chrysostom's "Method of Praying to God" and Erasmus "On True Theology." He spent some time in travelling on the continent, studied medicine at Padua, and in 1541 took his doctor's degree at Bologna. He returned to England in 1544, and practised at Cambridge, Shrewsbuny, and Norwich. Henry VIII. appointed him les- turer on anatomy to the company of surgeons, London. In 1547 he became fellow of the college of physicians, and court physician to Edward VI., which appointment he retained under Mary and Elizabeth. He was elected president of the college of physicians for seven years in succession. There is extant a book of the college annals from 1555 to 1572 writ- ten by him in Latin. He obtained permission from Queen Mary to endow and raise Gonville hall into a college, which still bears his name (Gonville and Caius college), and accepted the mastership thereof. Toward the close of his life, however, he resigned this office, but re- mained at the college as a simple fellow com- moner until his death. His works are numerous on scientific, philological, and historical subjects. The most noted of them was " A Boke or Counseill -against the disease commonly called the Sueate or Sueatynge Sicknesse." CAJAMARCA (formerly CAXAMARCA). I. A N. department of Peru, bounded by the depart- ments of Amazonas, Piura, Loreto, Ancachs, and Libertad; area, about 14,000 sq. m. ; pop. 273,- 000, including many mestizos and Indians, many of the latter being descendants of the Incas. The plain of Cajamarca, which bears a strong resemblance to that of Bogota, and like it was probably once the bed of a lake, is one of the most fertile in South America. The wheat harvest in the pampa is from 15 to 20 fold ; but it is sometimes blighted by night frosts. Small mounds or hillocks of porphyry, once perhaps islands in the lake, are studded over the northern part of the plain, and break the wide expanse of smooth sandstone. Agricul- ture, cattle raising, the manufacture of coarse woollen, linen, and cotton fabrics, and washing for gold, constitute the chief occupations of the inhabitants. The department is divided into the provinces of Cajamarca, Cajabamba, Ce- lentlin, Chota, Jaen, Hualgayoc, and Contu- maz4. II. A city, capital of the department and province, on a river of the same name, in the valley of Cajamarca, 365 m. N. N. W. of Lima; pop. about 20,000. The ori-