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 CAFFRARIA OAGLIARI 547 melons; and large herds of cattle graze on the plains, which are well watered and are covered with a coarse luxuriant growth of grass. The Caffres, from whom the land re- ceives its name, were so called by the Moham- medans, who applied to them the Arabic name Kafir, unbeliever. The men are powerfully and symmetrically .built, the females superior in beauty to the other native races of southern Africa. The complexion of the southern Caffres is brown or copper color; it becomes darker further north, until it is deep black. Their hair is black and woolly ; the nose and forehead ap- proach the European type; the cheek bones resemble those of the Hottentot, and the lips are thick and prominent. They have but little beard. Their language is unwritten, but is rich, and superior to the speech of the Bushmen and Hottentots. Their government is patriarchal ; a petty chief presides over every kraal or ham- let, and is tributary to a higher chief. These higher chiefs owe allegiance to the umkumkani, or great chief, and form the national council. They live by the raising of cattle and hunting. Their agriculture is attended to by the women. They have no notion of a supreme being, but are devout believers in witchcraft and spirits, and the shades of their ancestors. A Caffre swears by the spirit of his ancestor. Their charm doctors, rain makers, and prophets ex- ercise great power. They circumcise boys at the age of 12 or 14, and abhor the flesh of swine and all fish except shell fish, and milk is their principal food. Christianity has not made much way among the Caffres, although mis- sionary stations have been planted there for 40 years; but there is a Christian church among the Griquas, considerable numbers of whom migrated to CafFraria in 1863, and in 1871 the church had 5,000 members. The great stumbling-block is the Christian doctrine of monogamy, every Caffre having as many wives as he can buy and support. Their huts are hemispherical, thatched with straw and plastered with cow dung. There is no chim- ney; the fireplace is in the centre. They pre- serve their millet in pits dug in the ground. The men wear but little clothing, are some- times tattooed, and often go totally naked. The Caffres are divided into three tribes: 1, the Amakosa, who border upon the British settlements, and were stripped of the greater part of their territory in the war of 1847; 2, the Amatemba or Tambookis, whose western- most territories border on the back territory of the colony toward the sources of the Great Kei ; and 3, the Amaponda or Mambookis, fur- ther N. E. Their native weapons are clubs and javelins, but they have learned the use of firearms from their enemies, and are very formidable opponents in mountain and bush warfare. The climate of Caffraria is healthy and well adapted to the European constitution. The country is beautifully wooded, rising in terraces from south to north, and is watered by several rivers. The aloe, the gum tree, and the plantain abound ; lions, elephants, hippopo- tami, and rhinoceroses are to be found, but are becoming rare. II. British, a district S. of the preceding, extending from the Keiskama to the Great Kei river, and divided into the counties of Northumberland, York, Sussex, Middlesex, Cambridge, Lincoln, and Bedford ; pop. in 1866, 69,777, including 5,847 white or Euro- pean. The capital is Williamstown on the Buffalo river, and the new town of East Lon- don is at its mouth. The annexation of this dependency resulted from the Caffre war of 1847. For 20 years previous the settlers in the district of Albany, adjoining on the south, had suffered from irruptions of the Caffres. In 1847 they were subdued, but in 1850 hos- tilities were renewed and continued two years, at a cost to the British government of 1,500,- 000 and the loss of many lives. On Dec. 20, 1852, Gen. Cathcart defeated the Bassutos, a Caffre tribe, on the Berea mountain, and shortly after three chiefs submitted, thus end- ing the war ; and a treaty of peace was rati- fied at Williamstown, March 9, 1853. In 1866 the dependency was incorporated with Cape Colony, but retained its name. The Caffre population of this dependency has been par- tially won over to civilization. The importa- tion of arms, gunpowder, and spirituous liquors among them is strictly forbidden. CAFFRISTM. See KAFIHISTAN. < U; m. See LUZON. CAGAYAN SOOLOO, an island of the Malay archipelago, in the sea of Mindoro, intersected by lat. 7 N. and Ion. 118 36' E. ; area, 298 sq. m. ; pop. about 12,000. This island was formerly occupied by a race of Moorish pirates who plundered the archipelago, but the ad- vance of European commerce has exterminated them. The people resemble the Malay race, but speak a language entirely different, par- taking somewhat of the character of the Ta- gala in construction, and having many words used in the several Philippine languages. The Arabic character is used in writing. The islanders cultivate rice, and have enclosures of well assorted fruit trees ; they plough with oxen, rear a variety of domestic poultry, make handsome garments, and fabricate their own weapons and implements. The island is re- garded as a dependency of Manila. < U.I.I (anc. Callis), a town of Italy, in the province of Pesaro ed Urbino, at the confluence of the Cantiano and Busso, 14m. 8. of Urbino ; pop. about 10,000. It is the seat of a Catholic bishop. The churches contain some remark- able mediaeval paintings, including frescoes in a chapel of the church of San Domenico by Gio- vanni Sanzio, father of Raphael. The town has a trade in dressed skins. CAGLIARI. I. A province of the kingdom of Italy, forming the S. portion of the island of Sardinia, bounded N. by Sassari and on all other sides by the sea ; area, 5,224 sq. m. ; pop. in 1872, 392,981. It comprises the four dis- tricts of Cagliari, Iglesias, Lanusei, and Oris-