Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume III.djvu/488

 482 BtJSCII BUSHEL lil'scil. Joliann Georg, a German philanthro- pist and writer on statistics and commerce, born at Alten-Weding in Hanover, Jan. 3, 1728, died Aug. 5, 1800. He was educated at Hamburg and Gottingen, and in 1756 was made professor of mathematics in the Ham- burg gymnasium, which post he held till his death. Besides suggesting many theoretical improvements in the carrying on of trade by the city, he brought about the establish- ment of an association for the promotion of art and industry, and the foundation of a school of trade, instituted in 1767, which be- came under his direction one of the most noted establishments of its class in the world. Besides a history of trade (Geschichte der merkwurdigsten Welthdndel, Hamburg, 1781), he wrote voluminously on all subjects con- nected with commerce and political economy. His collected works were published in 16 vol- umes at Zwickau in 1813-'16, and 8 volumes of selected writings, comprising those on trade alone, at Hamburg, 1824-'7. For some time before his death Biisch was almost totally blind. lii'SMll.Mi, Anton Friedrieh, a German geog- rapher, born at Stadthagen, in Schaumburg- Lippe, Sept. 27, 1724, died in Berlin, May 28, 1793. His first geographical work, a descrip- tion of the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein, was published in 1752. In 1754 he became professor of philosophy at Gottingen, and in 1761 pastor of the German Lutheran church in St. Petersburg. In 1766 he removed to Berlin. His most important work, the JErd- T>eschreibung, of which the first volume was published at Hamburg in 1754, was continued by various authors down to 1807. That division of it in which he describes the countries and nations of Europe (12 parts) was translated into English (6 vols. 4to, London, 1762). He wrote many other works, among which are Epitome Theologwt (Lemgo, 1757) and Grundriss zu einer Geschichte der Philosophie (2 vols., Eisfeld, 1772-'84). l!l s< IIMANV Jobann Karl Kduard, a German philologist, born in Magdeburg, Feb. 14, 1805. He studied in Berlin under Bockh, Wolf, and Hegel, and at Gottingen under Bopp. In 1827-'8 he was a tutor in Mexico, where he gave much attention to the Aztec and other languages. On his return to Germany he was introduced by Bopp to Wilhelm von Humboldt, whom he assisted from 1829 to 1835 in the preparation of his celebrated work on the Kavi language in Java. After Humboldt's death (1835) he was the sole author of the third volume, containing a comparative gram- mar of the South sea and Malay languages, and was charged by the Berlin academy with editing the whole work (3 vols., Berlin, 1836- '40). Buschmann also published Humboldt's vocabulary of the Tahitian language in his Apercu de la langue des Ues Marquises et la langue ta'itienne (1843). Alexander von Hum- boldt employed him to prepare the original manuscript of his Kosmos (1845-'59), of which the last MS. volume, corrected by Humboldt, was in 1866 presented by Buschmann to the emperor Napoleon, who gave it to the imperial library in Paris. Buschmann was made pro- fessor in 1840, and director of the royal library at Berlin in 1853. Among his principal works are : Die aztekischen Ortsnamcn (Berlin, 1853) ; Die Spuren der aztekischen Sprachen in, niJrdlichen Mexico und Mhern amerika- nischen Norden (1859) ; Das Apache und der athapaskische Sprachitamm (3 vols., 1860-'63) ; and Grammatik der sonorischen Sprachen (3 parts, Berlin, 1864-'8). BISEMBAIM, Hermann, a German theologian, born at Nottelen, Westphalia, in 1600, died in Miinster, Jan. 31, 1668. He was rector of the Jesuit college at Miinster, and in his Medulla, TheologitB Moralis, which passed through 50 editions (new ed., 2 vols., Louvain, 1848), he carried the doctrine of the temporal supremacy of the popes to such a height, that the secular tribunals in almost every European state were unanimous in pronouncing condemnation on his work, and committing it to the flames. BUSH, George, an American theologian, born at Norwich, Vt, June 12, 1796, died in Koch- ester, N. Y., Sept. 19, 1859. He graduated at Dartmouth college in 1818, studied at Prince- ton theological seminary, received ordination in the Presbyterian church, was for four years a missionary in Indiana, and in 1831 became professor of Hebrew and oriental literature in the university of the city of New York. In 1832 he published a "Life of Mohammed," and in 1833 a "Treatise on the Millennium," in which he regards the millennial age as the period during which Christianity triumphed over Roman paganism. About the same time he compiled a volume of " Scriptural Illustra- tions; " in 1835 published a Hebrew grammar; and -in 1840 began the issue of a series of com- mentaries on the Old Testament, which ex- tended to seven volumes. He edited in 1844 the "Hierophant," a monthly magazine, de- voted to the explanation of the nature of the prophetic symbols. In the same year appeared his "Anastasis," in which he opposed that view of the resurrection which implies a phys- ical reconstruction of the body. This work attracted much attention, and he answered the many attacks which were made upon it in a treatise entitled " The Resurrection of Christ." He connected himself with the " New Jeru- salem church " in 1845, translated from tho Latin the diary of Swedenborg, and afterward, as editor of the " New Church Repository " and otherwise, labored to develop and maintain the principles of that philosopher. In 1847 he published a work on the higher phenomena of mesmerism, which he deemed a confirmation of the truths of Swedenborg's revelations ; and in 1857 " Priesthood and Clergy unknown to Christianity." His memoirs, by W. M. Fernald, were published in 1860. BUSHEL, an English measure of 8 gallons, divided into 4 pecks, used for dry materials, as