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 BURTON BURTON-UPON-TRENT 479 stanee, and Mooltanee languages, of the last of which he published a grammar. In 1851 he 1 returned to England, and, receiving a year's furlough, started to visit Mecca and Medina, which no Christian had reached since Burck- hardt, in 1814-'15. Arriving at Alexandria, he assumed the character of a wandering dervish ; and so perfectly had he acquired the Arabic language and habits, that he was never detect- ed, and succeeded in penetrating to the holy cities. His work, "A Pilgrimage to El Medi- nah and Mecca" (1855), in which he describes this journey, excited great attention. He soon afterward made an attempt to penetrate into Africa; this journey is described in his "First Footsteps in East Africa, or an Exploration of Harar " (1856). During the Crimean war he served as chief of staff to Gen. Beatson. In 1856 he set out upon another African expedi- tion, starting from Zanzibar, accompanied by Capt. Speke. They penetrated to the lake re- gion, and in 1858 discovered Lake Tanganyika. Burton described this expedition in his "Lake Regions of Central Africa" (1860). He then visited the Mormon settlements in Utah, and published " The City' of the Saints " (1861). In 1861 he was made consul at Fernando Po, on the W. coast of Africa, where he wrote " Abbeokuta and the Cameroons," and " A Mission to Gelele, King of Dahomey " (1864). In 1864 he became consul at Santos, Brazil, and wrote " Explorations of the Highlands of Brazil" (1868) and "Letters from the Battle- fields of Paraguay " (collected in 1870). In 1868 he went to Damascus as consul; trav- elled afterward in the Holy Land, and wrote "Unexplored Palestine" (1872); and his "An- thropological Collections in the Holy Land " was published by the anthropological society. In 1872 also appeared "Zanzibar, City, Island, and Coast." This is properly an introduction to his "Lake Regions of Central Africa," hav- ing been written before that work; but the manuscript, which had been sent to England, was mislaid in the foreign office. In 1872 he was appointed consul at Trieste. He has also published " Vikram and the Vampire, or Tales of Hindu Devilry " (1869). It is said that he has acquired 35 languages and dialects. BURTON, Robert, an English clergyman and author, born at Lindley, Leicestershire, Feb. 8, 1576, died in Oxford in 1639 or 1640, about the time which, having cast his own nativity, he had himself predicted. His family were ancient and wealthy. In 1593 he went to the university of Oxford, and was elected student of Christ Church in 1599. Having taken orders, he ob- tained a college living, and in 1628 was pre- sented by Lord Berkeley to the rectory of Se- grave in Leicestershire. He composed the " Anatomy of Melancholy " in order, it is said, to distract his own mind from mournful reflec- tions. This book, published in 1621, passed through five editions in its author's lifetime, and has repeatedly been reprinted since. Sterne seems to have used it almost as a common- 134 VOL. HI. 31 place book. Dr. Johnson said it was the only book that ever took him out of bed two hours sooner than he wished to rise. Byron called it the most exciting and instructive medley of quotations and classical anecdotes he ever perused. Burton left his books to be divided between the Bodleian and Christ Church libra- ries, and 100 to each to purchase books. BURTON, William Evans, an English actor, born in London in 1804, died in New York, Feb. 9, 1860. He was the son of William George Burton, author of "Biblical Research- es." Intended for the church, he received a classical education, but at the age of 18 assum- ed the direction of his father's printing office and edited a monthly magazine. His success as an amateur performer led him to become an actor, and after several years of experience on the Norwich circuit, he appeared with success at the Haymarket in 1832. He wrote several dramatic pieces, one of which, "Ellen Ware- ham," was played at five theatres in London on the same evening. He came to America in 1834, and at different times was the lessee and manager of theatres in Baltimore, Philadel- phia, and New York. In Philadelphia he erected the National theatre, and started in 1837 the "Gentleman's Magazine." In 1841 he became manager of the National theatre in New York, which was consumed by fire in May of that year. He managed Burton's thea- tre, previously known as Palmo's opera house, in Chambers street, New York, from 1848 to 1856, when he leased the Metropolitan thea- tre in Broadway. This, under the name of Burton's new theatre, he continued to manage till 1858, when he began a starring tour. Mr. Burton was an accomplished scholar, and had collected a large and valuable library. He gamed great success as a manager, while as an actor he excelled in a wide range of com- edy characters, being especially identified with those of Captain Cuttle, Toodles, Aminadab Sleek, Mr. Micawber, Poor Pillicoddy, Paul Pry, Tony Lumpkin, &c. He was a frequent contributor to magazines, edited for several years the Philadelphia "Literary Souvenir," and published a " Cyclopedia of Wit and Hu- mor" (2 vols., New York, 1858). BURTON-UPON-TRENT, a market town of Staf- fordshire, England, 21 m. E. of Stafford, in a parish of its own name, which lies partly in Staffordshire and partly in Derbyshire ; pop. in 1871,26,358. It is situated in a pleasant vale on the left bank of the Trent, which is naviga- ble to this point by barges, and was formerly crossed here by a remarkable and very ancient freestone bridge of 36 arches, which was par- tially pulled down and replaced by one of 29 arches in 1863-'4. The streets are well paved and lighted with gas. There are three hand- some churches, chapels belonging to various dissenting congregations, a free grammar school for boys, a library and newsroom, almshouses, a union workhouse, a dispensary, and a sav- ings bank. Burton was formerly noted for ala-