Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume III.djvu/484

 478 BUE8LEM BURTON bingen, Heidelberg, Halle, and Giessen follow- ed the example in 1815-'17. The war not having been followed by those political reforms which they had anticipated, the students of Jena resolved to convoke a general Bunchen- scha/t, the object of which should be to con- nect the scattered associations into one na- tional brotherhood, by the annual election of a presiding committee. On Oct. 18, 1817, repre- sentatives of almost all the German universities met at the Wartburg festival, and in October, 1818, the members of 14 universities again as- sembled, and adopted a constitution, to which all the universities gave their assent in April, 1819, with the exception of Gottingen, Lands- hut, and those of Austria. Among the mem- bers of the Jena Burschenschaft was the stu- dent Sand, who had taken a prominent part in the convocation of the students at the Wart- burg. When the dramatist Kotzebue was as- sassinated by Sand, on account of his hostility to the national tendencies of Germany, the German princes became alarmed, and a con- ference took place at Carlsbad, which on Sept. 20, 1819, decreed the suppression of the associa- tions. The students, however, baffled the de- signs of the governments. The only change which the interdiction wrought was to make the Burschenschaften meet in secret instead of in public, and the secrecy, far from hindering their object, only tended to forward it. In 1827 the original project of a German national Bur- schenschaft was taken up again, but internal dissensions defeated the success of the plan. Two parties formed themselves, the Germanen, who were practical politicians and determined reformers, and the Arminen, composed of more ideal patriots, who saw less good in violent political changes than in the general develop- ment of national power by perfecting their own individual culture. In 1827, at Bamberg, and in September, 1831, at Frankfort, the conflict- ing parties came together, and the Arminen, although in a numerical majority, succumbed to the more energetic Germanen. At a gen- eral meeting in Tubingen, Dec. 25, 1832, a rev- olution was openly resolved upon, and the stu- dents were all invited to stand by the national German Burschenschaft, which had taken up its headquarters at Frankfort-on-the-Main. This declaration was followed by the revolu- tionary attempt at Frankfort in June, 1833, in which 1,867 students were implicated, and which led to the arrest of students all over Germany. During the revolution of 1848 the students who became most prominent in popu- lar movements were those of Vienna, who had never before joined the Burschenschaft. BURSLEM, a parish and market town of Staf- fordshire, England, 16 m. N. of Stafford; pop. in 1871, 27,107. It is the principal town in the district called "The Potteries," on the Bir- mingham and Liverpool railway, and contains a number of large factories, villas, churches, and several public buildings. Here is found a va- riety of clays which are used in the manufac- ture of porcelain and earthenwares. Early in the 17th century it was the chief place in Eng- land for the production of earthenware, at first of a rude and homely kind, but afterward brought to great perfection by Josiah Wedge- wood, who was born at Burslem in 1730. BUST, an E. county of Nebraska, separated from Iowa on the E. by the Missouri river, and intersected by Middle creek ; area, 500 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 2,847. The Omaha and North- western railroad (in progress) is to pass through the S. W. part, and a branch to Tekama in the 8. E. part is contemplated. The chief productions in 1870 were 134,002 bushels of wheat, 157,152 of Indian corn, 78,724 of oats, 9,036 tons of hay, and 56,969 Ibs. of butter. There were 1,134 horses, 1,143 milch cows, 1,694 other cattle, 1,161 sheep, and 1,924 swine. Capital, Tekama. BURTON, John Hill, a Scottish author, born in Aberdeen, Aug. 22, 1809. He was educated at Marischal college, Aberdeen, and began the practice of law, which he soon abandoned for literature. To the " Westminster Review," and afterward to the " Edinburgh Review," he con- tributed articles on law, history, and political economy, and to " Blackwood's Magazine " lit- erary sketches, several of which have been col- lected under the title of, "The Scot Abroad" (1864). He has published the "Life and Cor- respondence of David Hume" (2 vols., 1846) ; "Lives of Simon Lord Lovat, and Duncan Forbes of Culloden" (1847); "Political and Social Economy " (1849) ; " Narratives from the Criminal Trials of Scotland " (1852) ; " Manual of the Law of Scotland ;" " Treatise on the Law of Bankruptcy;" "History of Scotland from the Revolution to the Extinction of the last Jacobite Insurrection" (1853); "History of Scotland from Agricola's Invasion to the Rev- olution of 1688 " (7 vols. 8vo, 1867-'70) ; and " The Bookhunter " (1869). He aided Sir John Bow ring in editing the works of Jeremy Ben- tham, for which he furnished the introduction, and afterward wrote a volume of "Benthami- ana." In 1854 he was appointed secretary to the prison board of Scotland, and upon the transfer of the functions of the board to the home office, he was continued as manager and secretary; and in 1868 he was appointed to report annually to parliament the judicial sta- tistics of Scotland. In this year ho also be- came historiographer royal for Scotland. BURTON, Richard Francis, a British explorer and author, born at Tuam, Ireland, in 1821. He entered the Indian army in 1842 as lieu- tenant. While stationed in the presidency of Bombay he spent some time in exploring the Neilgherry hills, and afterward served five years in Sinde under Sir C. J. Napier. During these years he wrote " Sinde, or the Unhappy Valley," and " Falconry in the Valley of the Indus" (1850); "Sinde, and the Races that inhabit the Valley of the Indus," and " Goa and the Blue Mountains " (1851). He had also ac- quired the Arabic, Afghan, Persian, Hindo-