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 BUNYAN BUONAFEDE 441 known of this part of his career is, that he was present at the siege of Leicester, and escaped death by permitting a fellow soldier to take his place as a sentinel. Bunyan always regarded this as a direct interposition of Providence. His military experience was reflected in his wri- tings, especially in his " Holy War," written af- ter the completion of the " Pilgrim's Progress." Soon after the campaign of 1645 he returned home, and in 1647 married the daughter of poor but honorable parents, after which his modes of life were much improved, and he became deep- ly interested in religion. Distressed by doubts regarding the safety of his soul, he suffered all the horrors experienced by those who imagine themselves for ever shut out from heaven. During the year which he assigns as the period of his greatest terrors, his sufferings were ex- treme. Now he would imagine that only the Jews could be saved, and again that the Turks and not the Christians were true believers. At last his soul was gradually comforted, and he began to preach to the poor people of Bedford. He had been five years engaged in this occupa- tion when the restoration placed power in the hands of the cavaliers, and he was imprisoned in Bedford jail over twelve years. He was con- stantly told that if he would give up preaching he should at once be set at liberty, yet he always answered: "If you let me go to-day, I will preach again to-morrow." Not being able to work at his old trade of a tinker, he made tagged laces to support himself, wife, and chil- dren, one of whom had been blind from her birth. While thus employed he neglected no opportunity of preaching to the prisoners. He had a most intimate knowledge of the Bible, which, with Fox's "Book of Martyrs," was a constant companion; and such hours as he could devote to composition were now spent in religious writing, many of his papers be- ing against the Quakers, whom he cordially disliked. The misery of his family and his own courage at last prevailed with those in power ; the rigor of his confinement was relax- ed ; he was allowed to preach regularly to a Baptist congregation of which he had been elected pastor; and in 1672 he was freed alto- gether, through the influence of the bishop of Lincoln. In 1678 he published the first part of his " Pilgrim's Progress from this World to that which is to Come," which had been writ- ten in jail. To the corrector of the press he is indebted for some improvement in the syntax and spelling, but not a single scene or line was suggested to him by others. When he had en- tirely completed the first part, he showed it to some of his friends, and was generally annoyed by their criticisms, they being divided in senti- ment whether it should appear or not ; but he finally decided to publish it. At first it reached but a small class of the community, although hailed by them with delight ; but in the same year a second edition was published with great success. From 10 to 15 editions were issued during the author's life, and he had the satis- faction of knowing that his work was read by hundreds of thousands in England and Scot- land, among the Protestants of Holland, the Huguenots of France, and the settlers of New England. In 1682 he published his "Holy War," now little read, and in 1684 the second part of the "Pilgrim's Progress." He con- tinued to preach without further molestation, and every year made a journey to London, where he drew together at all times vast au- diences. He resided in the latter part of his life in Snow Hill (at present Skinner street), near Holborn. His death was hastened by the effects of exposure to the rain in returning from one of his many benevolent errands, and he" was buried in Bunhill Fields. The editions of the "Pilgrim's Progress" have been innu- merable, and it is said to have been translated into more languages than any other book ex- cept the Bible. A collection of Bunyan's wri- tings, with a preface by George Whitefield, was published in 1767, in 2 vols. fol. The most complete edition is that by G. Offer, with a life (3 vols. royal 8vo, 1853). The "Pilgrim's Progress " was edited by Southey, who prefixed to it a life of Bunyan. ICI XLir, a town of Prussian Silesia, in the district of Liegnitz, on the Bober, 63 m. W. N. W. of Breslau; pop. in 1871, 8,817. Cloth, linens, tobacco, and earthenware are manufactured here, and there is trade in yarns and in grain. The poet Opitz was born here, and an obelisk to the Kussian general Kutuzoff, who died here in 1813, stands in the market place. The town dates from the end of the 12th century. It suffered .severely during the thirty years' war. BCOL-SCHAUENSTEIBT, Karl Ferdinand, count von, an Austrian statesman, born May 17, 1797, died in Vienna, Oct. 28, 1865. He was de- scended from an ancient Grison family, and un- der the direction of his father, who represented Austria at the diet of Frankfort, he was early introduced into the diplomatic service. He was appointed minister at Carlsruhe in 1828, at Stuttgart in 1838, at Turin in 1844, and at St. Petersburg in 1848. In 1850 he cooperated with Meyendorff in the conferences of Olmutz, and afterward attended those of Dresden. In 1851 he was sent as ambassador to London, and on the death of Schwarzenberg, in April, 1852, he became premier and minister of for- eign affairs. It was mainly through his in- fluence that Austria did not join Russia in the Crimean war, and that the treaty of Dec. 2, 1854, was signed. He originated the congress of Paris, and attended it with Hilbner to sign the treaty of peace, March 30, 1856. He left office in May, 1859, and was succeeded by Count Rechberg. BlIONAFEDE, Applaud, an Italian philosopher, born at Comacchio, near Ferrara, Jan. 4, 1716, died in Rome in December, 1793. He studied theology in Naples, and joined the order of Celestines, of which he became general in 1777. He ended his life in Rome as abbot of