Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume III.djvu/426

 4:20 BUIL BULGARIA BlilL, Bernardo, a Spanish Benedictine, the first missionary to the new world, born in Ca- talonia, died in 1520 as abbot of the convent of Cuxa. In 1493 he was appointed by the pope his vioar apostolic in the new world, and accompanied Columbus to Hispaniola on his second voyage, taking with him several priests. He differed with Columbus concerning the treatment of the natives, and in 1495 returned to Spain, where he bore a prominent part in the charges which led to the ruin of Columbus. lii'hoit I VI, a crownland of Cisleithan Aus- tria, bounded N. and N". W. by Galicia, E. by Russia and Moldavia, S. by Moldavia, and W. by Transylvania and Hungary ; area, 4,036 sq. m. ; pop. in 1869, 513,404, of whom 40 per cent, are Ruthenians, 39 Roumans, 9 Jews, and 7 Germans, the remainder Poles, Magyars, Ar- menians, and Czechs. The dominant church is the Oriental Greek, which has a bishop at Czernowitz, and to which 74 per cent, of the population belong. The chief occupation is agriculture and forestry, in which more than three fourths of the population are engaged. Bukowina embraces the continuation of the Carpathian mountains and their transition into the hilly ranges which extend from the upper Pruth and Sereth to Moldavia. The river Dniester only touches the northern frontier; the Pruth traverses the country, and its affluent the Czeremosz forms the N. W. frontier. The Sereth and its affluents the Suczawa and Mol- dava rise in western Bukowina, and flow south- ward into Moldavia. Forests, chiefly beech, nearly cover the eastern half of the country, and it is from them that the name Bukowina (Polish, beech-land) is derived. The chief products are maize, oats, rye, wheat, and potatoes. The mines are of comparatively little importance, being confined to the S. E. corner. Some iron and copper are produced, and in 1871 there were three glass works, a few paper mills, and 120 distilleries. In point of education Buko- wina belongs among the least favored crown lands of the monarchy; 80 per cent, of the children of school age remain without instruc- tion, and of the recruits for the army only 3 per cent, are able to write. There are gym- nasia at Czernowitz and Suczawa, and a sub- gymnasium ( Untergymnasium) at Radautz. In Czernowitz there is a theological institution of the Oriental Greek church. The diet is com- posed of the governor or Landeshauptmann, the Oriental Greek bishop, 9 delegates of the large real estates, 2 of the capital, 2 of the chamber of commerce and industry at Czer- nowitz, 3 of the towns and industrial places, and 12 of the rural communities. For adminis- trative purposes the country is divided into the capital and 8 districts or HauptmanmcJiaften. Besides the capital, Czernowitz, there were in 1871 five towns having upward of 5,000 in- habitants. Toward the close of the middle ages Bukowina formed a district of Moldavia. Its possession was often disputed by the Poles. With Moldavia it became tributary to the Porte. It w*as conquered by the Russians in 1709, restored soon after, and in 1777 ceded to Austria, which united it with Galicia. In 1840 it was erected into a separate crown land. BULA1IA, the easternmost of the Bissagos islands, off the W. coast of Africa, 20 m. S. of Bissao; lat. 11 34' N., Ion. 15 33' W. It is about 18 m. long by 9 m. wide, densely wooded and fertile, but unhealthy. The land rises from the coast toward the centre, where the elevation is about 100 ft. above the sea. It has a good harbor. In 1792 an English company, called the Bulama association, sent out here a colony of 275 adventurers, most of whom were soon carried off by disease. (See BEAVER, PHILIP.) IHLAr, or Tikus (gymnura Rafflesii, Vig. and Horsf.), an insectivorous mammal of the talpldas or mole family, inhabiting Sumatra and Malacca. In general shape it resembles the American opossum ; the muzzle is much elongated, overhanging the lower jaw, and truncated at the end ; eyes and ears small, the Uiilau (Gymnura Eafflcsii). latter bare and rounded. The teeth are 11 on each side in each jaw, adapted for crushing in- sects; the feet are 5-toed, the 3 central toes the longest ; on the anterior part of the body the fur is rendered harsh by long bristly hairs ; the tail is nearly naked, scaly, and rat-like. The body is 12 to 14 inches long, and the tail 10 inches; the height at the shoulder about 5 inches. The color is a mixture of black and white, the latter prevailing on the head, neck, sides, and lower portion of the tail ; there is a black stripe over each eye. It secretes a sub- stance having a strong musky odor, which led Sir Stamford Raffles, its discoverer, to place it among the civets (mverra). BULGARIA, a province of European Turkey, bounded N. by the Danube, which separates it from Roumania, E. by the Black sea, S. by the Balkan chain, which separates it from Roumelia, S. W. by Prisrend, and N. W. by Servia ; area, about 39,000 sq. m. ; pop. esti- mated at about 2,500,000, of whom about 40 per cent, are Bulgarians and 20 per cent. Otto- mans, the remainder being Jews, Serbs, Greeks, Armenians, Tartars, Circassians, Albanians,