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 418 BUGENHAGEN by the duke d'Aumale. At the beginning of the revolution of 1848 Louis Philippe, in the night of Feb. 22-23, conferred upon him the supreme command of the whole armed force of Paris. The national guard, incensed by this appointment, broke out with the cry of "Down with Bugeaud!" and declared that they would not obey his orders. Frightened by this demonstration, Louis Philippe with- drew his orders, and spent the 23d in vain ne- gotiations. On Feb. 24, alone of Louis Phi- lippe's council, Bugeaud still urged war to the knife ; but the king considered the sacrifice of the marshal as a means to make his own peace with the national guard, and Bugeaud was dis- missed. Two days later he offered his services to the provisional government, but they were not accepted. When Louis Napoleon became president he conferred the command in chief of the army of the Alps upon Bugeand, who was also elected by the department of Cha- rente-Inffirieure as representative in the na- tional assembly. He is the author of several military publications, and is represented by his disciple Gen. Trochn (in L'Armee franfaue en 1867) as a model general and citizen. In Au- gust, 1852, a monument was erected to him in Algiers, and also one in his native town. BCGENHiGEN, Johann (popularly known as Pomeranus or Dr. Pommer), a German reform- er, born at W, ollin, near Stettin, June 24, 1485, died in Wittenberg, April 20, 1558. He was principal of the Treptow school from 1503 to 1520, and founded a college in the neighbor- ing convent of Belbuck, celebrated as a start- ing point of the reformation in Pomerania. Being subjected to persecution on successfully preaching the new doctrines, he joined Luther in 1521 at Wittenberg, in 1522 was appointed professor of theology, and in 1523 pastor of the principal church, where he officiated in 1525 at Luther's wedding. He became the principal coadjutor of Luther and Melanchthon ; was one of the original authors of the Augs- burg confession ; aided Luther in the transla- tion of the Bible ; and published a Low-Ger- man version of it himself. He also prepared able commentaries on the Psalms, and was the first to propose the act of confirmation. But he chiefly distinguished himself by organizing Protestant churches and schools in Saxony, and in many other parts of Germany (1528-'34), and in Denmark and Norway (1537-'42). He framed the new Danish ecclesiastical law ; re- organized the university of Copenhagen, of which he was for a while rector and professor ; and was esteemed by the Danes as their fore- most religious reformer. He returned to Wit- tenberg in 1542, and toward the close of his life lost his sight. His principal work is In- terpretatio in Librum Psalnwrum (Nurem- berg, 1523). Among his ofher works are a learned history of Pomerania (Greifswald, 1528), and Historia Christi Passi et Glorificati (1530), which passed through many editions. Among Bugenhagen's biographers are Engel- BUGHIS ken (Berlin and Stettin, 1817), Zietz (Leipsie, 1829), and Bellermann (Berlin, 1860). BUGGE, Thomas, a Danish astronomer, born in Copenhagen, Oct. 12, 1740, died June 15, 1815. He was educated at Copenhagen, and in 1777, after having been employed for some years by the royal society of sciences in a series of geographical measurements, was appointed professor of astronomy and mathematics in the university of that city. He made a scientific journey through Germany, Holland, France, and England, at the expense of the government ; greatly improved the Danish national observa- tory ; made several important astronomical dis- coveries and meteorological observations ; and invented some valuable instruments. Sent to Paris in 1798 to confer with the French sa- vants on a standard of weights and measures, he was admitted a member of the institute. When Copenhagen was bombarded by the English in 1807, his house caught fire, but he abandoned his valuable library and apparatus in order to save the instruments and other property of the royal observatory, of which he was custodian. For this he was appointed councillor of state and received the order of Danebrog. He left elementary treatises on astronomy and mathematics, a narrative of his mission to France in 1798, some excellent geo- graphical maps, memoirs in the transactions of various learned bodies, &c. BUGHIS, or Bugls, a people of the Malay archipelago, whose chief seat is in the S. W. peninsula of Celebes, in the territories of Boni and Waju. The Bughis traders are the chief carriers and factors of the Indian seas, and are engaged in the tripang, pearl, and other fish- eries. Barbosa, in 1815, describes the Bughis and their neighbors, the Macassars, as fero- cious pirates and cannibals. The Macassars afterward overpowered the Bughis, and forced them to embrace Mohammedanism. Wallace, in 1857, describes them as peaceable, orderly, and well-behaved. They have domesticated the horse, ox, buffalo, and sheep; cultivate cotton, and manufacture it into cloths; are skil- ful workers in iron and copper, and build sub- stantial houses and durable sailing vessels ; use charts and the compass, have framed a calen- dar, dividing the solar year as we do, and have reduced their language to a written form, with an alphabet different from that of their neigh- bors. Their government is an oligarchy or elective monarchy. The state of Boni is com- posed of 7 principalities, and that of Waju of 40. In both states the sovereign is elected by the nobles, and from the patrician class, females being eligible, and usually preferred ; the vote in choosing a ruler must be unanimous ; the sovereign only holds power during good be- havior, and may be deposed by an adverse ma- jority vote in council. The people pay no taxes, except a small tribute of three days' labor, or an equivalent, to the sovereign ; and there are no imposts on trade. The princes derive their revenue from their own estates.