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 BUDDHISM BUDDING 403 or pain. Nothing can resist contemplation, and the Bodhisattvas thereby reach the 28th heaven. There are theories concerning 108 Samadhis. Over the 28th heaven there is yet Nirodha (ni, before ; ru.dk, to oppose), or the obstacle, be- fore the Nirvana can be attained. Whether this obstacle necessarily ends life is not yet as- certained. The fruit of Samildhi is jnana, sci- ence or omniscient omnipotence, containing the Moksha or final liberation. III. THE Au- HIDHAEMA (dbhi, over, upon, and dharma) constitutes Buddhistic metaphysics, and is de- rived indirectly from Sakyamuni. The south- ern Buddhists say, " Sutras are for men, Vinaya for priests, Abhidharma for gods." There are but two sources of knowledge : sensual per- ception and logical deduction. There are two principal philosophic schools: 1, that of the Vaibkaskilcas, or dilemmists, who maintain the necessity of immediate contact with the ob- ject to be known ; 2, that of the Sautranti- kns, who insist on perception and on deduction therefrom. Some among the former reject the existence of the world. Buddhistic logic is ex- ceedingly contradictory. Each determination ends in naught. To be is said also not to be. A common formula of arguing is this: "A thing is and is not, and it neither is nor is not." The method is purely dogmatic and dialectic, proceeding with stereotyped categories and formulas. Philosophy, cosmology, and theology are an ever-turning wheel without any loco- motion. In general, the wheel and water bub- ble are the constant emblems and symbols of Buddhistic reasoning, which is most developed in the theory of the "great passage." Matter is merely a product of morality. Some schools count five elements, with as many qualities and senses ; some have six, viz. : earth, hard, nose ; water, wet, tongue ; fire, hot, eye ; air, movable, skin; ether, audible, ear. To these is added the Manas, or common sensorinm, whose ob- jects are the Dharma (law, being, nature, matter) and the Vijnana (science, conscience). Some systems admit a specific soul or self (Jma Atman, U'padhi) ; others deny it. It is need- less to enter into further details, and we con- clude with a list of the following chain of 12 causes (Nidanas: ni, in, on; da, to give): 1, age and death; caused by (2) birth; caused by (3) existence ; this by (4) attachment to things ; this by (5) desire ; arising from (6) sensation ; which presupposes (7) contact ; this (8) senses ; which perceive (9) forms and names or distinction; caused by (10) conception of ideas or consciousness; which comes from (11) stirring and action ; this being, at last, the re- sult of (12) Atidya (non and videre), or igno- rance. All these illusions must bo annihilated before we can sink into the emptiness of the Nirvana. See "Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society" and "Asiatic Researches," especially articles by Hodgson in vol. ii. of the former and vol. xvi. of the latter; Burnouf, Introduction a Vhistoire du Bouddhisme indien (Paris, 1844), and Lotus de la bonne loi (18G5); Hardy, "Manual of Buddhism" (London, 1850), and "Eastern Monachism" (1853); Koppen, Die Religion des Buddha (Berlin, 1857) ; Barth6- lemy Saint-Hilaire, Le Bouddha et sa religion (Paris, 1860) ; Schlagintweit, Buddhism in Tibet (Leipsic, 1863); Eitel, "Handbook of Chinese Buddhism" (London, 1870); Alabaster, "The Wheel of the Law, from Siamese Sources" (London, 1871). BUDDING, a method of propagating trees and shrubs. The seeds of cultivated fruits, when planted, seldom produce trees bearing fruit true to their kind. Young trees, grown from seeds, are called stocks. They are removed from nursery beds when in a thrifty state, set in regular nursery rows in good ground during early spring, and in summer worked with choice buds from fruit trees. Large trees are fre- quently remodelled by the inoculation of young shoots with buds from more desirable varie- ties of fruit than their natural product. When a bud is carefully removed from a tree, it bears all the characteristics of that tree, and when properly set in a thrifty young stock will unite with it, and produce a tree similar to the one from which it was removed. The re- sults produced by budding are the same as those brought about by grafting; but the former has many advantages, as fol- lows : 1. Stocks may be budded at an earlier age than they can be suc- cessfully grafted. 2. Stocks may be budded the same season they are transplanted, al- though they ought not to be grafted until the ensuing Budding. -n j season. 3. Bud- ding is a more rapid operation than graft- ing, a workman being able to set two in a minute. The work is also done at a season when there is not so much hurry as in the spring, when grafting is performed. 4. If a tree be budded during summer, and the bud dies, the operation may be repeated the same season, or the stock grafted the ensuing spring ; whereas, if it be grafted first, it may be entire- ly lost. 5. Very choice trees may be rapidly propagated by budding, one bud being suffi- cient to reproduce the variety, while in graft- ing several buds are used at once. For bud- ding, a sharp, thin-bladed, round-pointed knife is used, with a handle terminating in a thin wedge-like piece of ivory or bone, which is useful in raising the bark of the stock. The buds are taken from shoots of the present year's growth, when they have become per-