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 BUD^EUS BUDDHISM 393 last of the many sieges of Buda took place in May, 1849, when the Hungarians under Gorgey took it by assault. (See PESTH.) IHDUIS. See BUDE. BBDiYOOJf, or Bndaon, a town of British In- dia, capital of a district of the same name, in Rohilcund, 125 m. E. S. E. of Delhi; pop. 20,- 000. It was occupied hy the sepoy mutineers, and a body of liberated prisoners from Bareilly, June 1, 1857. The Europeans escaped by flight. Gen. Whitelook captured the town April 19, 1858, after an engagement in which the sepoys lost 500 men and 4 guns. BUDDEI1S (originally BUDDE). I. Jobann Franz, a German theologian, horn at Anklam, June 25, 1667, died at Gotha, Nov. 19, 1729. He was a descendant of the French scholar Bude or Budaeus. In 1689 he became adjunct professor of theology at Wittenberg, in 1693 professor of moral philosophy at Halle, in 1705 professor of theology at Jena, and in 1713 church councillor at Gotha. As a theologian he endeavored to harmonize conflicting opin- ions. He was a voluminous writer, and among his principal works are: Hiatoria Juris Na- turce, et Synopsis Juris Natures et Gentium (Jena, 1695) ; Institutions Theologies Moralit (Leipsic, 1711); Historia Ecclesiastic Veteris Testamenti (Halle, 1709); and Institutiones Theologies Dogmaticce (Leipsic, 1728). II. An- relio, a German traveller and author, a de- scendant of the preceding, born at Altenburg in 1817. He studied medicine, travelled over a great part of Europe, and became one of the editors of the Augsburg Allgemeine Zeitung. He has published several works upon Russia, among which are : St. Petersburg im kranken Leben (Stuttgart, 1846); HalbrussiscJies (Leipsic, 1847) ; Rustland writer Alexander II. (Leipsic, I860); and Busslands sociale Qegenwart und der Aufstand in Polen (Leipsic, 1863). He has also written Schweizerland (Leipsic, 1853) ; Europaische Chronilc, 1855 (5 vols., Frankfort, 1855-'6) ; and Europaisches Jahrbuch. 1856 (Gotha, 1857). BUDDHISM and BUDDHA, an Asiatic religion and its founder. Buddha (the learned, wise, intelligent ; perf. pass, participle from budh, 'to know, to understand, to be awake) is the gene- ric name for a deified teacher of the Bauddhas, whom we call Buddhists. These hold that in- numerable Buddhas have appeared to save the world, among them one of the present period, also known as Sakyamuni, or Saint Sakya, who is believed by some to have been the ninth in- carnation of Vishnu. He was a reformer of Brahmanism, introducing a simple creed, and substituting a mild and humane code of moral- ity for its cruel laws and usages. His history is to a great extent legendary, and is divided into 12 sections, viz. : 1. While in the fourth heaven he determines to save the world, and chooses to be born as the son of Suddhodana, king of Ka- pilavastu, and of Maya, yet a virgin ; both of the Sakya genus of the Kshattriya caste, and a branch of the Ikshvakus, who were of the race of the sun, kings of Ayodhya (Oude), or even descended from Mahasammata, the first of all kings of the present period. 2. He descends from heaven as a white elephant ; is conceived as a five-colored ray of light. 3. He is born, amid great miracles, through the right side, and as soon as born solemnly proclaims his mission. 4. He is named Sarvarthasiddha (sarva, all; artha, wish, request ; siddha, fulfilled) ; his mother dies on the seventh day after his birth; he is cared for by her sister, Praja- pati Gautami (prqja, world, people ; pati, mas- ter; gautami, a female of the Gotama race), of the Brahmanic, Gotama genus ; hence he is called Gautama. 5. He chooses- Gopa, also a Sakya, for his bride, and obtains her after hav- ing shown his prowess in a public game, and his great learning and skill in arts. 6. After meditating on the vanity of enjoyments, he leaves his father's house and becomes a most austere ascetic and hermit. 7. He performs the most rigid penances, goes to the Bodhimanda or throne of intelligence at Gaya, and sits under the Bodhidruma, or ficus religiosa (banian), where every Bodhisattva (intelligence of truth) becomes a Buddha. 8. He is tempted by Mara (mri, to die), the god of love, sin, and death ; hut withstands his enchantments and terrors. 9. He recollects all his previous births and those of all beings, attains thus to BodJii (intel- ligence), and shines forth as the Buddha, " the awakened, intelligent, knowing" (Chinese, Fo tfm or Fo. also translated Kio, the enlightened ; Thibetan, Sangs rgyas ; Mongol, BurtcJian; Japanese, Budsdo ; the number of his names is 12,000 in Ceylon, and in a Thibetan tract 5,453). All beings become aware of his arri- A modem Idol representing Buddha. val, and two merchants from far-off lands are the first mortals who see him, offering him honey, milk, &c. 10. He "turns the wheel