Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume III.djvu/370

 364 BRUNSWICK BRUNTON George I., king of England; Amelia Elizabeth Caroline, the wife of George IV. ; and Sophia Charlotte and Sophia Dorothea, queens of Prus- sia, the latter the mother of Frederick the Great. The first wife of Leopold I. of Belgium was Charlotte Augusta, daughter of Queen Car- oline of England. The following are the most prominent members of the family. I. Ernest, duke of Brnnswick-Ltineburg, born 'June 26, 1497, died June 11, 1546. He embraced the doc- trines of Luther, signed the confession of Augs- burg, and adhered to the Smalcaldic league. His eulogy was pronounced by Melanchthon. II. Christian, duke of Brunswick-Luneburg, born Sept. 10, 1599, died June 9, 1626. In the thir- ty years' war he enthusiastically espoused the cause of the elector palatine Frederick V., elect- ed king of Bohemia. After the flight of that prince from Prague in 1620 he ravaged Hesse and the electorate of Mentz, was defeated by the imperialists on the Main, entered the service of the Dutch in 1622, and forced the Spaniards to I raise the siege of Berg-op -Zoom, but was after- I ward again defeated by Tilly. His motto was, j " Friend of God, enemy of priests." III. Ernest Augustus, duke of Brunswick-Luneburg, and first elector of Hanover, born Nov. 20, 1629, died Jan. 28, 1698. He became bishop of Os- nabruck in 1662, travelled extensively, and was distinguished as a general and diplomatist. He served the emperor Leopold I. in his war against France, for which he was rewarded with the electoral dignity in 1692. By his marriage with Sophia, daughter of the elector palatine Frederick V., and granddaughter of James I., king of England, his house obtained a right to the throne of England. His son George Louis became king of England in 1714 under the name of George I. IV. Ferdinand, duke of Brunswick, a general in the seven years' war, born at Brunswick, Jan. 11, 1721, died July 3, 1792. He entered the Prussian army in 1740, assisted at the capture of Prague, obtained in 1757 the command of the Anglo- Hanoverian army in Westphalia, defeated the French at Crefeld and at Minden, and in 1763, by reason of a disagreement with Frederick the Great, retired to his castle at Vechelde, where he occupied himself with freemasonry and with the encouragement of the fine arts. V. Charles William Ferdinand, duke of Brunswick, a Prussian general, born at Wolfenbilttel, Oct. 9, 1735, died near Altona, Nov. 10, 1806. His services during the seven years' war were cele- brated by Frederick the Great in a poem. He participated in the battle of Crefeld in 1758, and in 1787 marched into Holland to restore the hereditary stadtholder. After the treaty of Pilnitz he was intrusted with the command of the allied armies against France. He pub- lished at Coblentz, July 15, 1792, his famous manifesto, threatening to march directly upon Paris, cut off supplies, and reduce that city by famine. He penetrated into Champagne, but was obliged after the engagement at Valmy to conclude an armistice with Dumouriez. In 1793 he commanded the army of the Rhine, reappeared in 1806, after an interval of retire- ment, at the head of the Prussian army, and commanded at the battle of Auerstadt, where he was mortally wounded. VI. Frederick Wil- liam, duke of Brunswick, fourth son of the pre- ceding, a Prussian general in the Napoleonic wars, born Oct. 9, 1771, fell in the battle of Quatre-Bras, June 16, 1815. He became duke of Oels and Bernstadt in 1786, and succeeded to the dukedom of Brunswick after the death of his eldest brother and the abdication of the two others in 1806. At the head of a body of hussars, which he raised in Bohemia, he en- tered upon the campaign of 1809, was obliged by Rewbell to retreat, and to take refuge with his army in England, where he was received with distinction. He returned to his country in 1813, and fell two days before the battle of- Waterloo. VII. Charles Frederick Augustus Wil- liam, duke of Brunswick, son of the preceding, born at Brunswick, Oct. 30, 1804, died in Geneva, Aug. 19, 1873. His education was very imperfect ; he paid but little attention to public affairs; and after his assumption of power upon attaining his majority in 1823, his rule was so negligent and arbitrary that he was expelled by an insurrection, Sept. 7, 1830, de- clared incapable of governing by the Germanic diet, Dec. 2, and formally deposed by a family council, April 25, 1831, in favor of his younger brother William (AUGUSTUS Louis WILLIAM MAXIMILIAN FREDERICK, horn April 25, 1806), who had previously governed in his name. He afterward resided mostly in Paris and London, making himself conspicuous by his eccentrici- ties, his revolutionary manifestoes, and espe- cially his extraordinary precautions for the protection of a valuable collection of jewels. BRUNSWICK GREEN, a compound of chloride and oxide of copper and water, prepared by oxidizing metallic copper in the air, by sprink- ling it with a mixture of sulphate of copper, common salt, and water. It is also generated by the corrosion of copper in sea water. Its composition, as given by Berzelius, is one equivalent of the chloride and three equiva- lents of the oxide of copper. An artificial bicarbonate of copper, or mountain green, is also sometimes called Brunswick green. They are both used as pigments. BRCNTON, Mary Balfonr, an English novelist, born in the island of Burra, in the Orkneys, Nov. 1, 1778, died in Edinburgh, Dec. 19, 1818. At the age of 20 she married the Rev. Alexander Brnnton, a minister of the Scottish church, and subsequently professor of oriental languages in the university of Edinburgh. In 1811 she published a novel, "Self- Control," which obtained immediate popularity from its moral tone, as well as its literary merits. This was followed by "Discipline" (1814), which was equally successful. Some months after her death her husband published a vol- ume of her "Remains," with a memoir of her life and extracts from her correspondence.