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 BRUNO BRUNSWICK 361 stay at Marburg, he settled at the university of Wittenberg as a lecturer on philosophy and mathematics. He remained there only two years, after which he went from one universi- ty to another, lecturing in turn at Prague, at Helmstedt, and at Frankfort, until, in 1592, he ventured to return to Italy. During a visit to Venice, he was arrested by the inquisition on May 23, and in 1593 was delivered to the Ro- man authorities. In Rome he was imprisoned for seven years, tried, degraded, excommuni- cated, and finally handed over to the civil power, by which he was sentenced to death. (See Berti, Vita di Giordano Bnino, Florence, 1868.) He was a man of great mental activity and boldness of thought. Montaigne excepted, there is no philosopher of the 16th century who has been so frequently a subject of re- search and comment by modern scholars as Giordano Bruno. Descartes borrowed largely from him, and Spinoza's system would appear almost like Bruno's, refined in the logical cru- cible of Descartes. Even with some philoso- phers of the present century Bruno has been a favorite. One of the profoundest works of Schelling bears the name of Bruno on its title ("Bruno, or the Divine and the Natural Principle of Things "), and this once more di- rected the general attention of scholars to Bru- no's works, which had become extremely rare. They have been republished since then, those in Italian by Wagner (Operedi Giordano Bru- no, 2 vols., Leipsic, 1830), those in Latin (Jor- dani Bruni Nolani Scripta qua latine redegit omnia), by Gfrorer, in his Corpus Philosopho- rum (Stuttgart, 1834). Of his satires the best are the Spaccio Hello, bestia trionfante (" Ex- pulsion of the Triumphant Beast"), and the Cabala, del cavallo Pegaseo eolV aggiunta del asino Cillenico, a satirical eulogy on ignorance. The Cena, delle Ceneri (" Table Talk on Ash Wednesday") is a spirited dialogue in defence of the Copernican theory. Those works in which he developed his philosophical views are the essays Delia causa, principio ed uno, DelV infinite unweno e mondi, and De Mo- nade, Nwnero et Figura. In his system there is but one fundamental principle, one substance, whose existence is real and original. This eternal and infinite being produces by contrac- tion or expansion innumerable apparitions, whose existence is but secondary, merely a shadow of that of the original being. God and the universe are identical; the universe is in- finite. Every being or thing (em) has, besides the innermost principle of its existence, a cause of existence. While the former is the imma- nent condition, the latter is the immediate source of existence. The original cause is the universal intellect which shapes and moulds matter into individual forms. In the harmo- nious perfection of the universe all possible forms would obtain real existence in all portions of matter. Every form being the result of an intellectual action, and matter being conceiv- able only under some form or other, it follows that everything is living or has its soul, which is its form. The substance of all existing beings is one and the same; it is only the forms brought forth by the intellectual activity of the original substance which show differences of appearance. The universe, considered as a whole, is a unit, infinite, immovable, the abso- lute identity of possibility, reality, and action. This grand unit of all substances, of which all beings and things are only secondary manifesta- tions, is God ; God is the monad of the monads. Man, as an intermediate being between time and eternity, belongs to both spheres at the same time, the spiritual and the sensual; but his principal aim is the mind and intellect. The human mind is an integral portion of the di- vine substance ; the perception of the supreme truth, the volition of the supreme good, are its goal. From the narrow sphere of common life, man ought to rise to a conception of his relation to the universe, and of the affinity of his spiritual being to the universal intellect. BRUNSWICK. I. A S. E. county of Virginia, bordering on North Carolina, watered by the Nottoway, Roanoke, and Meherrin rivers ; area, 600 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 13,427, of whom 8,902 were colored. A large portion of the land is exhausted by the tobacco culture, but has been improved by the use of guano. The chief productions in 1870 were 44,309 bushels of wheat, 166,892 of Indian corn, 68,283 of oats, and 1,121,480 Ibs. of tobacco. There were 859 horses, 1,540 milch cows, 3,917 other cattle, 2,582 sheep, and 7,256 swine. Capital, Lawrenceville. II. A S. E. county of North Carolina, bordering on South Carolina, washed by the Atlantic, and drained by Cape Fear and Waccamaw rivers ; area, about 1,100 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 7,754, of whom 3,306 were colored. The surface is level, and much of it swampy. The soil is poor and sandy, but capable of producing rice and cotton to some extent. Pine timber, tar, and rosin are exported in considerable quanti- ties, and the cypress and juniper grow in the swamps. The Wilmington and Weldon, and the Wilmington, Columbia, and Augusta railroads pass through the county. The chief produc- tions in 1870 were 56,211 bushels of Indian corn, 129,168 of sweet potatoes, 119 bales of cotton, and 748,418 Ibs. of rice. There were 372 horses, 2,777 milch cows, 4,295 other cattle, 3,555 sheep, and 10,485 swine. Capital, Smith ville. BRUNSWICK. I. A town and village of Cumberland co., Me., on the right bank of the Androscoggin river, at the head of tide water, 30 m. by railroad N. N. E. of Portland ; pop. of the town in 1870, 4,687; of the village, 1,449. A bridge over the falls unites it with Topsham, and another bridge is used by the Kennebec and Portland railroad. The An- droscoggin railroad connects it with Augusta, 30 m., and the Bath branch with Bath, 9 m. distant. The falls of the Androscoggin furnish ample water power. The town contains a