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 360 BRUNNER BRUNO mouth of the Muotta, on the lake of Lucerne ; pop. in 1870, 1,774. It is memorable as the spot where the deputies of the three original cantons, Schwytz, Uri, and Unterwalden, shortly after the battle of Morgarten, laid the basis of the Swiss republic, in December, 1315. BRUNNER, or Bruno, Johann Conrad, a German anatomist, born near Schaffhausen, Switzer- land, Jan. 16, 1653, died at Mannheim, Oct. 2, 1727. He was professor in the university of Heidelberg, afterward physician to the elector palatine, and was ennobled under the name of Bruno von Hammerstein. He made many original researches, particularly on the pancreas and on the glandular follicles of the small intestine. Those of the duodenum, first ac- curately described by him, are still known under the name of Brunner's glands. BRUMER, 'Sebastian, a German ultramontane author, born in .Vienna, Dec. 10, 1814. He was ordained in 1838, and, after holding minor clerical offices, was appointed in 1853 chap- lain of the university of Vienna, where he had studied theology. His denunciation of liberal tendencies proved congenial to Prince Metter- nich, who employed him on various occasions. In 1848 he founded the Wiener Rirchemei- tunff. His Nebeljungen-Lied, a satire against Hegelianism, passed through four editions be- tween 1845 and 1857. He described his travels in humorous sketches, and in 1853 published his autobiography under the title of WoTierf Wohin ? (2 vols.). His Clemens Maria Hof- batier und seine Zeit (1858), and Die Kunst- genossen der Klostergeschichte, are among his most valuable productions, on account of the ecclesiastical and artistic data which they con- tain. He began in 1863 to publish a complete edition of his prose and poetical works, to con- sist of 20 volumes. Among his miscellaneous theological publications, one is directed against Renan's "Life of Christ" (1864). BRUMOW. I. Ernest Georg von, a German novelist and advocate of homoeopathy, born in Dresden, April 6, 1796, died there, May 4, 1845. He was a lawyer and judicial officer at Dresden, but having in 1818 been cured of a disease of the eyes by Hahnemann's treatment, he resigned his position in 1822 and devoted himself to medicine and the dissemination of the principles of homoeopathy. He took a prom- inent part in the foundation of a homoeopathic association in Germany, and translated Hahne- mann's Organon der Heilkunde into French, and, in conjunction with Stapf and Gross, his Seine Arzneimittellehre into Latin. In 1844 he wrote Ein Blick auf Hahnemann und seine Homoopafhie. He was also the author of some lyrical poems and novels. II. Philipp, count, a Russian diplomatist, brother of the preceding, born in Dresden, Aug. 31, 1797. He entered the Russian service in 1818, became ambassador at London in 1840, and remained there till after the outbreak of the Crimean war. In 1855 he was sent to Frankfort as envoy to the German diet, the emperor Nicholas being displeased with his having deceived him in regard to the peaceful disposition of the English cabinet. In the negotiation of the treaty of Paris, 1856, he assisted as one of the Russian plenipotentiaries, and in September he became ambassador at Berlin, continuing till March, 1858, when he resumed his former post in London. In 1864 he strove to promote the interests of Denmark at the conferences in London, and in 1871 he attended the conference for the deneutraliza- tion of the Black sea. In the same year he was promoted to the rank of count, after more than 50 years' diplomatic service. BRUNO THE GREAT, archbishop of Cologne and duke of Lorraine, son of Henry I., emperor of Germany, born in 925, died at Rheims, Oct. 11, 965. He was raised to his dignities by his brother, the emperor Otho I., whom he accom- panied on his first expedition to Italy, and was equally distinguished for learning, eloquence, and charity. There are attributed to him com- mentaries on the Gospels and the Pentateuch, and several lives of saints. BRUNO, Saint I. The apostle to the Prus- sians, born of a noble Saxon family at Quer- furt in 970, killed in 1008. He was" an Italian Benedictine, succeeded St. Adalbert in his missionary labors, was active in Poland and among the Petchenegs, became chaplain of the emperor Henry II., and was assassinated by the pagans on the confines of Lithuania. II. Founder of the order of Carthusians, born of a noble family at Cologne about 1040, died at La Torre in Calabria in 1101. Refusing the metropolitan see of Rheims, he forsook the world for the practice of asceticism in the mountain wilds between France and Italy. The order which he founded derives its name from his abode, a desert place called Char- treuse, near Grenoble, where in 1084 he gather- ed a small community and established rules of a severe austerity. He was invited to Rome in 1089 by Pope Urban II., who had former- ly been his disciple, refused the ecclesiastical dignities that were offered him, died in a monastery which he had founded, and was canonized in 1514. BRUNO, Giordano, an Italian philosopher, born at Nola, near Naples, about the middle of the 16th century, burnt at the stake in Rome, Feb. 17, 1600. He entered the Dominican order at an early age, but, becoming skeptical, was forced to leave it, and fled to Geneva in 1580. His ideas were no more acceptable to the Cal- vinists than to the Catholics, and after two years he went to Paris, where he gained some celebrity by writing a satirical comedy, II candelqjo, and delivering lectures on the Am Magna of Raymond Lully. His attacks on the philosophy of Aristotle aroused much hostility among the scholars and clergy of Paris, and in 1583 he went to England, where he enjoyed the friendship of Sir Philip Sidney, and wrote some of his most important philosophical works. In 1585 he returned to Paris, and the next year went to Germany. After a brief