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 BRUGMANS BRUMAIEE 355 and executed in Rome his first statues of mythological subjects. After his return from Italy in 1843 he was employed by the Bavarian government in commemorating distinguished persons. The mausoleum of the historian Jo- hannes von Miiller at Oassel is regarded as one of his masterpieces. BRCGMANS, Sebaldns Jnstlnns, a Dutch physi- cian and naturalist, born in Franeker, March 24, 1763, died in Leyden, July 22, 1819. The academies of Dijon, Bordeaux, and Berlin awarded prizes to several of his disquisitions on natural history and botany. Becoming pro- fessor of philosophy and physical sciences at Franeker, he promoted the study of natural history in the Netherlands, and founded a mu- seum of comparative anatomy which became famous. King Louis Bonaparte attached him to his service, and being appointed professor of botany at Leyden, he also taught there other branches of natural history and chemistry and organized the sanitary institutions of Holland, of which he was made chief director. After the annexation of Holland to France, Napoleon made him rector of the university of Leyden, which he cleared of debt. He especially im- proved the condition of military hospitals, and it was mainly due to his efforts that relief for over 20,000 wounded soldiers wasprovided after the battle of Waterloo. In 1815 King William placed him at the head of the sanitary service of the army and navy, and sent him to France to demand the restitution of the collection of nat- ural history which had been taken away during the French domination. He was the chief editor of the Pharmacopeia JBatava, and pub- lished numerous writings on medical science and natural history. BRUGSCH, Heinrieh Karl, a German Egyptolo- gist, born in Berlin, Feb. 18, 1827. He early attracted the attention of Alexander von Hum- boldt and of the king of Prussia by his essays on Egyptology (1848-'50), written while he was at the gymnasium. With their assistance he finished his studies in Berlin. The king defrayed the expenses of his first journey to Egypt (1 853). After his return he was appoint- ed director of the Egyptological museum at Berlin. He revisited Egypt in 1857-'8, was the historiographer of the Prussian embassy to Persia in 1860, and after the death of Baron Minutoli was for a time Prussian ambassador to the shah. He founded at Leipsic in 1864 a periodical for Egyptian archaeology, which he continued with the assistance of Lepsius during his residence as consul at Cairo (1864'8). He was professor at Gottingen from 1868 to 1870, when he became director of the Egyptological school at Cairo. His Hieroglyphiich-demotiseheg Worterbuch (4 vols., Leipsic, 1867-'9) is one of the great sources of information on ancient Egypt. Among his other works are : Reise- l>erichte aus Aegypten (1855) ; Recueil de monuments egyptiens (Leipsic, 1862 et seq.) ; Geographische Iiiachriften alter agyptiidier Denkmaler (2 vols., 1865-'6) ; Die agyptische Graberwelt (1867) ; and Die Sage von der ge- flugelten Sonnemcheibe (Berlin, 1870). !>i;i III.. Heinrieh, count, a German states- man, born at Weissenfels in 1700, died at Dres- den, Oct. 28, 1763. Beginning life as a page, he gained rapid promotion until in 1733 he was enabled to secure the crown of Poland for the elector Augustus II. of Saxony. He became prime minister in 1747 ; but by humoring the costly caprices of the king, and by his own ex- travagance, he exhausted the public revenue, and covered the kingdom with disgrace. On the death of Augustus, in 1763, he was dis- missed from office, and died within a few weeks. The celebrated Briihl palace still re- mains in Dresden ; and his collections form a considerable part of the royal library. liltl HNS. Karl Christian, a German astron- omer, born at Plon, Holstein, Nov. 22, 1830. He was at first a mechanic, but became assis- tant to the astronomer Encke in Berlin in 1852, graduated at the university in 1856, and in 1860 became professor of astronomy at Leip- sic, where he established an observatory. He is the discoverer of a number of comets. Be- sides many contributions to the Astronomisehe Nachrichten, he has published Die a&trono- mische Strahlenbrechung m Hirer historisehen Entwickelung (1861), an account of his ob- servations from 1860 to 1865 (1866), and a biography of Encke (1869). BRUMAIRE, The Eighteenth, the day of the year VIII. in the calendar of the French revo- lution corresponding to Nov. 9, 1799. On that day was begun the movement which resulted in the overthrow of the directory and the establishment of the consulate in France. Bonaparte, on his return from Egypt, found the government in power as established by the constitution of the year III. It consisted of a directory of five members (Sieye's, Barras, Ducos, Moulins, and Gohier), a senate, or coun- cil of the ancients, and the council of 500, or popular legislative branch. The republicans had a majority in the council of 500 ; these, with the generals Bernadotte, Jonrdan, and Augereau, desired to restrain the power of the directory, and remove Barras from it. Sieyes, with a majority of the ancients, wish- ed some less democratic organization. Barras and the other directors were anxious to re- tain their own power. Bonaparte and his brothers, aided by many soldiers and civilians, were in favor of any change which would throw the power into their own hands. These latter entered into a conspiracy with Sieyfes and his friends for the overthrow of the gov- ernment, and fixed upon the 18th Brumaire as the day for its execution. Sieyfis was to man- age the council of the ancients ; Lucien Bona- parte was to see to the council of 500, of which he was president; Bonaparte undertook the military. At 6 o'clock in the morning of that day the council of the ancients, with the ex- ception of the republican members who had not been notified, were convened at the Tuile-