Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume III.djvu/308

 302 BROCADE BROCKHAUS became pastor of the Baptist church in Char- lottesville, and in 1859 professor of New Tes- tament interpretation and homiletics in the Southern Baptist theological seminary at Green- ville, S. C., where he still is (1873). As a Greek scholar and New Testament critic Dr. Broadus stands at the head of the Baptists of the south ; but his only publication in this de- partment as yet is an elaborate review (in the "Religious Herald," 1866 and 1868) of the American Bible Union's revised version of the New Testament. In 1870 he published a work on " The Preparation and Delivery of Sermons," which has been adopted as a text book in seve- ral theological seminaries. His other publica- tions consist of sermons and review articles, and a series of papers ("Recollections of Trav- el") in the "Religious Herald," 1872-'3, de- scribing a tour in Europe, Egypt, and Palestine. BROCADE (Span, brocado, embroidered), a fabric resembling embroidered stuff, formerly much in vogue for rich dresses. It was origi- nally made entirely of threads of gold or of silver, or of the two mixed. Ornaments of flowers and foliage were interwoven and raised above the surface of the cloth. When a cheap- er material, as silk, was substituted for the me- tallic threads, the raised ornaments of leaves and flowers still continued to characterize the brocades. Brocades are now comparatively little in use. BROCCHI, Giovanni Bat list a, an Italian mine- ralogist and geologist, born at Bassano, Feb. 18, 1772, died at Khartoom, Nubia, Sept. 25, 1826. In 1808 he was appointed inspector of mines, and in 1814 he published a work on the structure of the Apennine range, with an ac- count of the fossils of its strata. He corrected the .erroneous view of Brieslak, who supposed Rome to occupy the site of an extinct volcano, to which he ascribed the tufa and other vol- canic materials found on the seven hills. In 1823 Brocchi received a commission from Me- hemet AH to examine Sennaar, but died from the effects of the climate. BROCCOLI, a species of cabbage, belonging to the genus brassica, differing from the other spe- cies by its smaller seeds and the tendency of its flowers to press together into fleshy heads. It most nearly resembles the cauliflower, from which it differs by no very precise character- istics. The broc- coli is best raised by sowing the seed in open beds and transplanting the plants once or twice. It may be produced either in spring, summer, or autumn, according to the time when the seed is sown. It has a woody stem, and may be propagated not on- Broccoli. ly by seed, but by cuttings of its stem. To effect the latter method, let a portion of the old stem containing an eye or a bud, after being well dried in the sun, be dibbled into the soil, and not be watered till it shows signs of growing. BROCK, Isaae, a British general, died Oct. 13, 1812. He captured Gen. Hull and his whole force at Detroit, Aug. 16, 1812, and fell in the battle of Queenstown, Canada, on the Niagara river. During his funeral the guns of the Ame- rican forts were fired as a token of respect. A monumental column was erected on the spot where he fell; this was partially destroyed during the disturbances of 1840, and has been replaced by another, 194 ft. in height, which is ascended by a spiral staircase inside. BROCKEDON, William, an English artist and inventor, born in Devonshire, Oct. 13, 1787, died in London, Aug. 29, 1854. He was the discoverer of a method by which plumbago and its dust (previously thrown away as value- less) were freed from impurities and resolidi- fied, so as to make a superior description of lead pencils. He was the author of the " Passes of the Alps," with over 100 folio engravings from drawings by himself. He also produced "Italy, Classical and Picturesque " (folio, 1842- '3), and "Egypt and Nubia" (3 vols. folio, 1846-'9). BROCKHAl'S. I. Friedrith Arnold, founder of the publishing firm of Brockhaus in Leipsic, Germany, born at Dortmund, May 4, 1772, died in Leipsic, Aug. 20, 1823. He was educated at the gymnasium of his native town, and after- ward sent into a merchant's counting-room at Dusseldorf. In 1793 he went to Leipsic, where he devoted himself for two years to the acqui- sition of scientific knowledge and the principal modern languages of Europe. In 1795 he estab- lished at Dortmund a mercantile house for the sale of English manufactures, which he re- moved to Arnhem in the Netherlands in 1801, and to Amsterdam in 1802. Although he man- aged his business with success in a pecuniary sense, he abandoned it out of distaste for mercan- tile pursuits in 1804, and entered into the book trade at Amsterdam. A periodical in Dutch (De tSter, "The Star"), started by Brockhaus in 1806, and devoted to politics and literature, was suppressed by the government on account of its opinions on political and ecclesiastical matters. The Amsterdamseh Avond-Journal ("Amsterdam Evening Journal"), which suc- ceeded the Ster, did not continue long. The confusion into which Europe was thrown by the Napoleonic wars was unfavorable to lit- erary enterprises, and after the annexation of Holland to the French empire (1810) Brock- haus returned to Germany, and opened an es- tablishment in Altenburg (1811). In 1808 Brockhaus purchased the copyright of the German Conversations- Leiiicon, which had been commenced in 1796. In 1809-'10 he com- pleted the first edition by the publication of two supplementary volumes. In 1812 he be-