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 230 BRAZIL financial year 1864-'5 were $29,738,838 ; and for the year 1871-'2, $46,884,316. The ex- penditure in 1871-'2 was as follows: Ministry of the Interior : Civil list $699,735 ) Legislative Chambers 815,680 V $2,564,060 Sundries 1,488,645 ) Ministry of Justice 1.718,764 " Finance 19,712,587 " Foreign Affairs 408,909 " War 6,316,653 " Marine 4,484,186 u Commerce, Agriculture, Public Works, &c 6,004,258 Total $41,154,422 Kecelpte In 1871-'2 $46,884,816 Expenditure In lS71-'2 41,154,422 Surplus $5,729,694 The revenue has been steadily increasing since 1864, at the rate of 75 per cent, approximate- ly ; while the increase of the ordinary expen- diture in the same period has not exceeded 20 per cent. The indehtment of Brazil to England in 1862 was $25,000,000, the founda- tion of which had been laid by loans to cover old charges of the colonial time, the war with Uruguay, payments of indemnities to foreign nations, and to cover deficits originating from year to year ; and in 1872 the amount reached $300,000,000, exclusive of railway guarantees, being an increase of $275,000,000 in ten years. A loan of $15,000,000 was contracted in February, 1871. In 1872 the following were the constituent elements of the national debt : Internal debt, at 4, 5, and 6 per cent 140,228,450 Debt prior to 1827 178,587 Orphans' funds and deposits 12,496,778 Paper money 78,539,081 Total $528,442,796 The issue of the 4J- per cent, loan of 186.0 amounted to $6,865,000 ; of that sum, $2,266,- 500 was redeemed on June 1, 1872, leaving $4,598,500 still to be reimbursed by the opera- tion of the accumulative sinking fund. Besides the general receipts, there are the provincial and municipal receipts ; the former amount to $11,- 500,000, the latter to $2,500,000. A credit ex- traordinary of $136,500 was opened to the min- istry of agriculture in 1872, to meet the ex- penses of the national exhibition to be held in Rio de Janeiro. The aggregate customs receipts of the empire in 1868-'9 were $31,746,774. Public education has not yet reached a high point of development in Brazil ; but numerous schools have been established of late in the provinces, and the government is engaged in developing and strengthening a general system. There are at present 4,437 schools in the em- pire; 3,603 being public and devoted to pri- mary and secondary education, and 834 private schools. The number of secondary schools is in the proportion of one for every 18 primary ; and there are twice as many schools for males as for females. The average annual cost of each public school is $467 ; and the whole of the public schools cost annually $1,681,000, or nearly 15 per cent, of the average annual rev- enue of all the provinces. In each of the lat- ter there is one private primary school for eve- ry five public, and one school for every 2,404 in- habitants of all classes and colors ; aud these schools are attended by an average number of 305 children. The total number of schol- ars enrolled is 133,950, 125,867 of whom re- ceive primary, and 8,083 secondary education. These figures show a marked improvement as compared with the returns of former years ; in 1868, only 107,483 children attended school in the whole empire, or 26,467 fewer than at the present time. There are two faculties each of law and medicine maintained at the expense of government ; the imperial academy of medi- cine has an annual subsidy of $1,000. Besides these there are 11 seminaries for the education of the clergy, subsidized by the state, a cen- tral college, an academy of arts, regimental and preparatory schools for the army, and a school of artillery. The whole educational system is under the jurisdiction of the minister of the interior and the control of the general assem- bly. The English merchants of Rio de Janeiro subscribed $6,500 in 1872 for the establishment of a gymnasium for the use of the English- speaking young men resident in that capital. An annual subsidy of $3,500 is given by gov- ernment to the geographical and historical in- stitute of Rio de Janeiro. Besides the libra- ries connected with the various public scien- tific and literary establishments, there are in Rio de Janeiro 11 public libraries, chief among which is the gaMnete portvguez possessing 50,000 volumes, and being visited on an aver- age by 2,314 persons yearly. By the provin- cial law of Dec. 26, 1871, the creation of libra- ries in all the cities of Rio de Janeiro was au- thorized ; and there are libraries in most of the other provinces of the empire. There are dra- matic and musical conservatories, an academy of fine arts, and other institutions for the pro- motion of literature, art, and science. The as- tronomical observatory of Rio de Janeiro was the object of important modifications in 1872. The religion of the state is the Roman Catho- lic. The whole empire constitutes one "metro- politan province," under the archbishop of Ba- hia. There are 12 dioceses : Bahia, Silo Sebas- tiao (Rio), Olinda (Pernambuco), Maranhao, Grao ParA, Sao Paulo, Mariana (Minas Geraes), Gpyaz, Cuyaba (Matto Grosso), Sao Pedro do Rio Grande do Sul, Ceara, and Diamantina (Minas Geraes). Over these dioceses preside one archbishop and 11 bishops. Brazil is divi- ded into 1,299 parishes, most of the vicars of which are foreigners, chiefly Portuguese. Al- though the Roman Catholic is by law constitu- ted the religion of the state, all other religions are tolerated, but restricted in their worship to buildings " without the exterior form of tem- ples." In Rio de Janeiro and elsewhere there are Protestant churches; and the ministers of the Swiss and German colonies are paid by government. The United States Presbyterian
 * Forelgndebt $800,000,000