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 10 BOLIVIA Colombian congress. But the influence of his friends in the congress was now weak, and he was forced to tender his resignation, notice being given that an annual pension would be granted to him on the condition of his depart- ure for foreign countries. He accordingly sent his resignation to the congress, April 27, 1830, but prolonged his sojourn at San Pedro until the end of the year, when he suddenly died. A few days before his death he dictated a farewell address to the nation, complaining bitterly of the ingratitude of those to whom he had devoted his life and fortune. During his whole life Bolivar was never without ma- lignant enemies, and he was constantly charged with cowardice and an ambition which aimed only at his own aggrandizement. But amid the conflicting reports of his biographers these facts stand forth strongly in his favor : that he conquered the independence of three states and secured their recognition by other na- tions ; that he gave them laws which secured the better administration of justice; and that he died no richer from having had the control of the treasuries of Colombia, Peru, and Bo- livia, and expended nearly all his own large fortune in the people's service. He was fond of pleasure, fame, and power, but patriotism and love of freedom were his ruling passions ; and his energy, generosity, and endurance in misfortune were acknowledged even by his enemies. By decree of the congress of New Granada, his remains were removed in 1842 to Caracas, where a monument was erected in his honor ; and in 1858 the city of Lima erected an equestrian statue of the " Liberator of the Peruvian Nation." BOLIVIA, a republic of South America, lying between lat. 12 and 24 8., and Ion. 57 25' and 70 30' W., bounded N. and E. by Brazil, from which it is partly separated 8. E. by the river Paraguay, S. by the Argentine Republic and Chili, and W. by the Pacific ocean and Peru. Bolivia, however, claims that portion of the Gran Chaco comprised between the rivers Paraguay and Bermejo, which would extend its, southern limits to lat. 26 53' 8. The re- public is divided into nine departments, which, with their areas, capitals, and population in 1865, are as follows: DEPARTMENTS. Areas. Populat'n. CAPITALS. Populat'n. 70,178 150,000 72,798 26.803 43,051 21,600 54,297 144,077 114,484 7,948 54,000 219,788 879,788 619,465 111,818 290,804 144,684 103,800 CobHa. 2,500 4,885 26,664 44,908 88,092 8,492 25,774 11,786 8,375 Beni Trinidad Chuqnisaea Cochabamba. . . La Paz. Cochabamba La Paz Oruro Potosi Oruro Santa Cruz Tarija Santa Cruz Tariia Total 677,288,1,881,585 The departments are subdivided into 37 dis- tricts, and these into 45 provinces. No official survey of the country has ever been made, but the above areas are, with the exception of the department of Beni, according to a map of Boli- via published in 1859 by Lieut. Col. J. Ondarza. Behru gives only 535,747 sq. rn. as the total area; but the former is probably more correct. The population consists of native whites, for the most part descendants of the Spanish set- tlers, mestizoes or Cholos (mixed white and Indian), mulattoes, zambos (mixed Indian and negro),. Indians in a domesticated state, and savage Indians. Of the last there are about 250,000, which added to the figures of the table gives a total population of 2,081,585, rather more than one fourth of whom are whites. The aboriginal is by far the most numerous element in the republic; it forms in the province of La Paz nine tenths of the population ; in that of Tarija it is five times as numerous as the white. Of the many aboriginal tribes still existing in Bolivia, the most noteworthy are the Aymaras or Ay- marus, Quichuas, Moxos, and Chiquitos. The first two, once united under the dominion of the incas, speak languages of kindred origin, while in their customs and manners little dis- similarity is noticeable. The Aymaras dwell chiefly in La Paz, although some are met with in Oruro ; and the Quichuas inhabit the coast, the valley of the Desaguadero, and the N. and E. portions of the republic. Various monu- ments, such as obelisks, burial places, and other ruins, attest the proficiency in art and the high degree of civilization attained' by the Ayinara nation at an epoch far anterior to that of the incas. The Moxos (or Mojos) are remarkable for their ingenuity. The language of the Chi- quitos is copious and flexible, and lias a special vocabulary for females. The hair of this people does not whiten in extreme old age, but grows yellow. Most of these tribes have embraced Christianity and fairly entered upon the career of civilization. The Guarayos and Siriones are evidently descendants of a mixed race from the early Spanish settlers. In the tracts chosen by the Jesuits for their missions there linger the remnants of numerous indigenous nations, dif- fering in language, customs, and dress. The Bolivian Indians are usually squat in figure, robust and muscular, and capable of enduring the greatest hardship and fatigue ; and they arc especially remarkable for the rapidity with which they perform long journeys, travelling on foot, at a sort of trot, for days in succession, with no other sustenance than coca leaves chewed with lime or ashes, and occasionally a small quantity of pounded maize. Though usually mild and passive, they sometimes yield to fearful outbursts of temper. All the tribes above mentioned dwell in houses or huts con- structed of sun-dried bricks, rushes, or maize stalks thatched with grass. The uncivilized tribes, on the banks of the lower Beni and else- where, go naked, preserve the savage customs of their ancestors, lead a roving life, and sub- sist chiefly on game, wild roots, and fruits. The Spanish Creoles are most numerous in the
 * mining districts and in Cochabamba ; and im-