Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume III.djvu/159

 BOULOGNE 153 the organizers of the academy of painting and sculpture, and was professor in that institution till his death. His principal works were exe- cuted for the cathedral of Notre Dame. II. Bon, son of the preceding, born in Paris in 1640 or 1649, died there, May 16, 1717. A pupil of his father, his early picture of St. John was placed by order of Colbert in the academy, and he studied in Rome as a pensioner of the king. His imitations of great masters were after- ward often taken for originals. He became in 1677 a member and in 1678 professor of the Paris academy, and Louis XIV. em- ployed him. One of his most famous paintings is the " Resurrection of Lazarus " in the church of the Carthusians. He also produced a num- ber of etchings. III. Lonls de, brother of the preceding, born in Paris in 1654, died there in November, 1733 or 1734. In his 18th year he obtained the great prize of the academy, and in 1675 he went to Rome as a royal pensioner. After his designs in imitation of Raphael the Gobelins prepared tapestry for the king's apart- ments. In 1681 he was admitted to the academy, and in 1722 appointed designer of medals and devices for the academy of inscrip- tions, in 1723 rector of the academy of painting and sculpture, in 1725 its president, and about the same time first painter to the king, by whom he was ennobled. His paintings are highly esteemed. He also excelled as an engraver. IV. (ieuovieye and Madeleine, sisters of the pre- ceding, respectively born in 1645 and 1646, died in 1708 and 1710. They studied under their father, and were both admitted at the same time to the academy of painting (1699), exhibiting on this occasion a joint production. They were good portrait painters. BOULOGNE. I. Bonlogne-snr-Mer (anc. Qe- soriacum, subsequently Holonia), a town of France, in the department of Pas-de-Calais, situated on th English channel, at the mouth of the Liane, 19 m. 8. S. W. of Calais, and 130 m. N. byW. of Paris; pop. in 1866, 40,251, including nearly 7,000 English. The upper town, irregularly laid out, but well built, con- Boulogne-snr-Mer. tains two squares with fountains, and an old castle where Louis Napoleon was confined after landing here in 1840. Among other public buildings is a cathedral built in the mod- ern Italian style between 1827 and 1867, on the site of the Gothic building which was destroyed during the revolution. The citadel was razed in 1690. The ramparts have been transformed into promenades, and E. of them are the grounds which were used as a military camp in!854-'5, and on many previous occa- sions. The lower or new town, lying close to the harbor, and containing the chief com- mercial establishments, is better laid out and built than the old town. It has a fine bathing establishment opened in 1863, with a ball room and reading room, and contains also a famous museum, and a library with over 30,000 volumes. The harbor, though still deficient in depth, has been much improved, and con- sists of two large basins connected by a quay, ships anchoring some distance off in from six to nine fathoms. A great deal of the prosperity of the town is due to its situation on one of the main routes between London and Paris, being less than six hours' journey from London via Folkestone and Dover, and about 4J hours from Paris by the new railway through Amiens, opened in 1867. About 300 vessels belong to the town, a large proportion of them en- gaged in the Newfoundland cod fishery. The fishermen generally marry only among them- selves, live in a separate part of the town, have a peculiar dress, and speak a distinct patois. Before going to sea they make votive offerings in the neighboring chapel of J6sus Flagell6. The foreign trade is chiefly in her- ring, mackerel, oysters, wine, brandy, coals, butter, and linen, wool, and silk goods. Over 3,000 vessels enter and leave the port annually, with an aggregate tonnage exceeding 500,000. The population has nearly doubled since 1815,