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 150 BOUGIAH BOUILLET where he has since mostly resided, contributing annually to the royal academy exhibitions. His works are of cabinet size, and represent generally genre subjects in connection with landscapes. Though partaking somewhat of the mannerisms of the French school, they are often original in conception, and in respect to composition and imaginative power entitle the painter to take high rank among contemporary artists. Among the most successful are several depicting French peasant life, such as " Passing into the Shade," "Coming from Church," " Cold Without," and " Morning Prayer." On American subjects he has painted "The Scarlet Letter," "Return of the Mayflower," and "Puritans going to Church." Among his later works are "Reading Clarissa Harlowe," "Colder than Snow," and "The Idyl of the Birds," the last named a composition in three parts, refined in execution and infused with a singular pathos. Mr. Boughton is most suc- cessful in his female figures, which are always interesting and sometimes strikingly beautiful in features and expression. Of late years he has habited them in the long, narrow dress of about 1810, but without the eccentric accesso- ries belonging to the fashion of that time. BOUGIAH (anc. Salda ; Fr. Bougie; Arab. Bujayah), a town of Algeria, capital of the prov- ince of Kabylia (created in 1873), beautifully sit- uated in a mountainous region, about 112 in. E. of Algiers, on the W. coast of the gulf of Bou- giah, which extends from Cape Carbon to Cape Cavallo; pop. in I860, 2,836. On the summit of the principal mountain is a French fort, on the site of a former place of pilgrimage, which had earned for the town the title of Lit- tle Mecca. There are several other forts, and the town contains churches, mosques, a school, a hospital, an asylum for children, and a num- ber of barracks. The roadstead is the safest on the coast of Algeria, and there is an active trade in oil, grain, wine, oranges, honey, and especially in wax. The ancient Saldse was a Roman colony of Mauritania Sitifensis under Augustus, and it was afterward the seat of a bishop. In the 5th century it became the capital of Genseric, king of the Vandals, and m the 8th it fell under Arab domination. As the residence of a powerful caliph it became in the 10th century, under the name of Bujayah, the chief emporium of N. Africa, and retained this prosperity under the subsequent rule of Morocco and of Tunis. An active trade was carried on with Italian merchants, especially with the Genoese, who erected here many pub- lic buildings. In the 15th century piracy in- jured the character of the place; and Spanish domination early in the 16th century brought about a decline, which under Turkish rule in the 17th culminated in utter ruin, from which the town has only partially recovered since 1833, when the French gained possession of it. It is the chief seat of trade with E. Kabylia. BOUGCER, Pierre, a French physicist, born at Le Croisic, Feb. 16, 1698, died Aug. 15, 1758. After holding a professorship of hydrography at Havre, he succeeded Maupertuis as associate geometer of the academy of sciences, and was afterward made pensioned astronomer. He accompanied La Condamine and Godin on the great South American expedition to measure an arc of a meridian near the equator, and on his return he published Theorie de la figure de la terre (Paris, 1749). His other works are on optics, astronomy, and navigation. His princi- pal claims to fame are his invention of the heliometer, and his foundation of the science of photometry, which is most fully expounded in his posthumous Traite cToptique eur la gra- dation de la himiere, edited by La Caille (Paris, 1760). BOUGCEREAU, Gnillanme Adolphe, a French painter, born at La Rochelle, Nov. 30, 1825. He studied in the Paris school of fine arts, and has been prominent since 1855 among the art- ists of the modern French school. He exe- cuted the mural paintings in the St. Louis chap- el of the church of Ste. Clotilde, and in the church of St. Augustine. His "Triumph of Venus" (1856) has been popularized by many engravings and lithographic drawings. There are many of his pictures in the United States. BOUILLE, Franfols Claude Amour, marquis de, a French general, born Nov. 19, 1739, died in London, Nov. 14, 1800. He distinguished him- self in the seven years' war, was appointed governor of Guadeloupe in 1768, and at the be- ginning of the American war of independence was governor general of the French Antilles. He not only preserved those islands against the English, but succeeded in taking several others from them. At the same time he displayed such magnanimity that on visiting England at the conclusion of peace he received there pul>- lic tokens of admiration. In the first years of the revolution he was in command of the east- ern military division of France, and ably con- tended with great difficulties arising from the rebellious disposition of the population and the mutinous spirit of the troops. When Louis XVI. projected his flight from France, he con- sulted Bouille, who entered into the plan and made all the necessary preparations ; but not- withstanding all the efforts of the general, the king was arrested at Varennes (June 21, 1791). Bouille thereupon fled from France and went afterward to Russia, where Catharine II. pro- mised him an army of 30,000 men to invade France ; but the promise was never fulfilled, and Bouille repaired to England, where ho wrote his excellent Memoircs sur la revolution franfaise, first printed in English at London in 1797, translated into German (Hamburg, 1798), and not published in French till 1801. BOUILLET, Marie Nicolas, a French metaphy- sician and encyclopedist, born in Paris, May 5, 1798, died there, Dec. 28, 1864. He was for 20 years professor of metaphysics and ethics in various colleges, and became honorary coun- cillor of the university in 1850, inspector of the academy of Paris in 1851, and permanent