Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume III.djvu/145

 BOTHWELL 139 Lulea. The S. shore of the gulf is annually visited by shipping for the export of timber and naval stores. It is usually completely frozen in the winter, so that armies have marched across it. The strong current and the abundant supply of fresh water, from a shed of an average breadth of 150 m. throughout its entire extent of coast line, give the waters of this gulf great freshness. The gulf of Bothnia presents an undoubted instance of slow up- heaval of its E. and W. coasts, now taking place without volcanic action, at the approximate rate of two or three feet in a century. The coasts S. of Quarken are generally precipitous, and N. of the straits low and sandy. The nu- merous rivers which flow from Sweden and Finland into the gulf abound with fish, espe- cially a kind of small herring called strumming, which constitutes a prominent article of food among the lower classes. A large part of the population on the W. coast are occupied in catching them. Most of these herrings are dried in the usual manner, but a considerable portion undergo fermentation in a closed cask, after having been previously a little salted and exposed to the air for a short time. The fish thus acquires a sour taste, and is called sur- strdmming. BOTHWELL, a village and parish of Lanark- shire, Scotland, on the N". shore of the Clyde, 8 m. E. S. E. of Glasgow ; pop. of the village and parish about 18,000. The old Gothic church of Bothwell was used as a place of worship till 1828. A new parish church, with a tower 120 ft. high, was erected in 1833. The parish contains extensive iron works and col- lieries. It is famous in history for the battle fought on Bothwell bridge, about 1 m. from the village, June 22, 1679, between the Cov- BothweU Castlo. enanters and the royal troops, in which the former were defeated with great loss. The an- cient castle, once the stronghold of the Doug- lases, is on a summit surrounded by woods, and is one of the finest ruins in Scotland. The manse of Bothwell was the birthplace of Jo- anna Baillie, whose father was minister there. BOTHWELL, James Hepburn, fourth earl of, the third husband of Mary, queen of Scots, born about 1526, died at Malmo, on the coast of Sweden, in 1576. He occupied an influential position in the parliament of December, 1557. In 1558 he was made a lord of the articles, and shortly after lieutenant of the borders. In 1559 he intercepted Cockburn, master of Orme- ston, near Haddington, as he was carrying 3,000 from England to aid the Scotch reform- ers. A little later, when the reformers showed signs of yielding before the regent's troops, he declared the earl of Arran, one of their leaders, a traitor to the government. In 1560, how- ever, when Protestantism was made the es- tablished religion of the country, Bothwell declared himself of that faith, and was one of the Protestant nobles sent to France to offer their escort and service to Mary, queen of Scots, whose husband, the dauphin, had just died. Mary returned to Scotland in Au- gust of this year (1561), and at once formed a government under the leadership of her ille- gitimate brother, Lord James Stewart, Both- well becoming a member of the privy council. But his quarrels and excesses made him intol- erable in this position, and at the end of the year he was for a short time banished from Edinburgh. He now effected a reconciliation with the earl of Arran, and the two entered into a conspiracy to seize the queen at Falk- land, on a journey into the earldom of Murray. Arran, who was already showing symptoms of insanity, changed his mood and confessed the plot. Both conspirators were imprisoned in Edinburgh castle ; but Bothwell escaped, and was on his way to France when he was driven back by a storm and arrested at Ber- wick. Here he was kept three months, and then carried to London and imprisoned in the tower. The English government detained him there, without trial, for nine months ; but the queen of Scots requested his release, although her ministers opposed his return to Scotland ; and he was finally allowed to pursue his journey to France. In that country he was well received, and made captain of the Scottish guard ; and he remained there till 1565, a few months before the marriage of Mary with Darnley at Edin- burgh. Lord James Stewart, who had now received the title of earl of Murray, having caused him to be indicted for high treason, he once more fled the country, and a decree of out- lawry was passed against him. After a short period, of which we have no detailed account, he suddenly appeared again in Scotland, gained Mary's favor, and in October, 1565, was a member of the newly organized privy council and a commander in Mary's army against the Scottish nobles who had taken up arms to op- pose her marriage with Darnley. In 1566 he married Lady Jane Gordon, daughter of the earl of Huntly, who had been lord chancellor of Scotland. In the matter of the murder of Rizzio, Bothwell was a warm partisan of the queen, and earnestly opposed the plot. After