Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume III.djvu/139

 BOTANY 133 Ledru and Reidel, around the globe ; Labillar- diere and Ventenat, in the Pacific islands; Du Petit-Thouars, in Madagascar ; A. Michaux, in North America ; Joseph Jussieu (1704-1779), among the Andes and the sources of the Plata ; Alex, von Humboldt and Aim6 Bonpland, in South America; Robert Brown, with the painter Bauer, in Australia; Ehrenberg, in Egypt, Abyssinia, Dongola, and Arabia (in which countries he collected 47,000 speci- mens); Lesson, in the Pacific islands; Baron Hugel, there and in the East Indies ; Rnssegger, in Syria, Kordofan, and littoral Arabia ; J. D. Hooker, in India and the Southern ocean; Leschenault de la Tour, in India ; Griffith, in India ; Victor Jacquemont, in eastern India ; Siebold, in Japan ; Ed. Ruppel and Schimper, in Nubia and Abyssinia ; Otto, in the Cordil- leras, on the Orinoco, and in North America ; Aug. de St.-Hilaire, Spix, Martins, Moritz, and G. Gardner, in Brazil and Guiana; Schomburgk, in Guiana and Louisiana ; Nuttall, in the Uni- ted States ; Tweedie, on the pampas in La Plata; Jo. Frazer and T. Drummond, in the United States ; Bertero and 01. Gay, in Chili ; Allan Cunningham, in New Zealand and New Holland ; Chamisso, in the Pacific and around the globe; Meyen, around the globe, which Charles Gaudichaud circumnavigated three times with Freycinet. Pallas, Baer, Schrenck, Ruprecht, Somelieu, Parrot, and Ehrenberg ex- plored Russia. Among those who have made expeditions for botanical collections in the pres- ent generation are Vogel and G. Mann in Africa, Wright in Cuba and Texas, Brewer on the Pa- cific coast, Fendler in the S. W. United States, Horace Mann and Brigham in the Hawaiian isl- ands, Fortune in Japan and eastern Asia, Remy in the Hawaiian islands, and Seemann in the Feejee islands. Classification of Plants. Even before the collections of modern travellers had so immensely increased the number of known plants, it was found necessary to adopt some order or arrangement by which the recorded description of a species might be so placed that succeeding botanists could know what had been described. The classification adopted by The- ophrastus into pot herbs and forest trees, cone plants, water plants, and parasites, and the more medicinal one of Dioscorides into aroma- tics, gurn-bearing plants, eatable vegetables, and corn herbs, answered the purpose when botanists and described plants were few; but for the last century and a half botanists have been striving with the advance of their science to improve the classification of the rapidly in- creasing store of plants they had to study. Rivinus in 1690 invented a system depending on the formation of the corolla ; Hatnel in 1693, as Csesalpinus had done before him, on the fruit alone. John Ray in 1703 published an amended natural system, separating dicotyle- dons and monocotyledons, but his work was little noticed. In 1720 Magnol arranged his system on the variations of the calyx and co- rolla. In 1735 Linnajus based his on the vari- ations of the stamens and pistils, and this arti- ficial system was at once adopted everywhere, and for many years was taught and used in all botanical classes in Europe and America. He devised the binomial system of nomenclature, denoting each plant by a generic and specific name. Although now entirely out of use, the Linnoean system is interesting as the best arti- ficial one yet invented. Its outline is as follows : MARRIAGES OF PLANTS. Generation of plants. Florescence. Pr/RLic, manifest phanerogamous. Flowers, visible. Monoclinia OAOI-OS, one, KivT], tbalamus, couch). Males and females OD the same thalamus. Flowers hermaphrodite : stamens and pistils in one flower. Diffintty (no affinity). Males not cognate. Stamens altogether unconnected with each other. IntiifFerentism (no subordination of males). Stamens of indeterminate length. 1. Uton- 2. Di- 8. Tri- 4. Tetr- 5. Pent- 6. Heac- 1. Ifept- 8. Oct- (6) 9. Enne- (9) 10. Dec- (10) 11. Dodec-(Vl.) 12. /M- (20) 13. Po/y- (many) -andria (manhood). Subordination (certain males preferred to others). Two stamens shorter than the others. I*! Teira- d y namia (power). Affinity. Males related and cognate. Stamens adhering among themselves or with the pistil. 16. Man- ) IT. IH- y -adtlphia (brotherhood). 18. Poly- j 19. Sungenesia (births together). 20. Oynandria (wife-manhood). Diclinia (is, twice). Males and females on distinct thalami. Several males and females in the same species. 22' /" " aeeia (household). 28. Polyffamia (many marriages). {, CLANDESTINE, hidden, cryptogamous. Flowers scarcely visible to the naked eye. 24. Cryptoyamia (secret marriage). From the 1st to the llth class, which has 12 stamens, the number of the class coincides with that of the stamens. The 12th class, icosandria (20 stamens), differs from the 13th, polyandria (many stamens), not by the number, but by the insertion of the filaments, which is on the inner side of the calyx in the former and on the receptacle in the latter. Didynamia has 4, tetradynamia 6 stamens, 2 of which are shorter in each class. In the monadelphia the stamens have the filaments more or less united ; in the diadelphia they are in two groups ; in the polyadelphia, in several. In syngenesia the anthers (rarely the filaments also) are united. In gynandria the anthers are borne on the pistil, either sessile or with short filaments. Monacia have the stamens in one flower, the pistil in another, but both on the same plant ; while in diiecia the two forms of flower are on distinct plants, and in polygamia the pistillate and staminate flowers are on the same or different plants in the same spe- cies. These classes are divided into orders as follows: the first 13 classes according to the