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 BOLIVAR BOLIVAR Y PONTE whither he went in 1847. In 1848, on the out- break of the Wallachian revolution, he re- turned, and edited the Populul mveranu, the organ of the democratic party. On the down- fall of the revolutionary government he again went to Paris, and afterward to Turkey. Un- der the government of Prince Ouza, he found himself again at liberty to return to Bucharest, where he once more took an active part in political affairs through the journal Dimbovitia. After Prince Ouza's coup d'etat (1864), Bolin- tineano received a place in the cabinet, but pre- ferred to exchange it for the office of council- lor of state. His principal poetical works, col- lected and published in 1852, consist of lyrics and ballads on themes connected with his country (French translation by himself, Brises d' Orient, 1866). He has also published a ro- mance entitled Manilv, which has attained much celebrity, and other prose works. BOLIVAR, a W. county of Mississippi, sepa- rated from Arkansas by the Mississippi river ; area, about 800 gq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 9,732, of whom 7,816 were colored. It consists mainly of swamp land, part of which is subject to frequent inundations. The climate of the low lands is unhealthy, and extensive fertile tracts are consequently left uncultivated. The chief productions in 1870 were 182,728 bushels of Indian corn and 15,571 bales of cotton. There were 720 horses, 1,478 mules and asses, 1,414 milch cows, 3,099 other cattle, and 4,871 swine. Capital, Beulah. BOLIVAR PONTE, Simon, the 'liberator of Colombia, born in Caracas, July 24, 1783, died at San Pedro, near Santa Marta, Dec. 17, 1830. He was the son of one of the familias Mantuanas, which then constituted the creole nobility in Venezuela. He was sent to Madrid to be educated, married there in 1801, and re- turned to Venezuela, where on his arrival his wife died of yellow fever. He visited Europe a second time, but in 1809 returned home by way of the United States, and after the revolution broke out at Caracas, April 19, 1810, accepted a mission to London to purchase arms and solicit the protection of the British government. In September, 1811, he joined the insurgents, was made lieutenant colonel on the staif of Gen. Miranda, and received the command of Puerto Oabello, the strongest fortress of Venezuela. The Spanish prisoners of war confined in the citadel of Puerto Cabello, 1,200 in number, having succeeded in overcoming their guards and in seizing the citadel, Bolivar evacuated the place and retired to his estate at San Mateo, and the fortress was immediately oc- cupied by the Spaniards under Monteverde. This event obliged Miranda, on the authority of the congress, to sign the treaty of Vitoria, July 25, 1812, which restored Venezuela to the Spanish rule. Miranda endeavored to ieave the country, but was arrested in 'the night at La Guayra by Bolivar and other officers, and surrendered to Monteverde, who despatched him to Cadiz, where after some years' captivity he died in irons. Bolivar now went with his cousin Ribas to Cartagena, and enlisted there, from a number of refugees, 300 soldiers for an expedition against the Spaniards in Venezuela. To this force Manuel Rodriguez Torices, the president of Cartagena, added 500 men under the command of his cousin, Manuel Castillo. The expedition started in the beginning of January, 1813 ; and although Castillo suddenly decamped with his grena- diers, Bolivar kept on up the river Magdalena, driving the Spanish royalists from Tenerife, Mompox, and Cucuta, and arrived at Bogota, at that time the seat of the congress of New Granada. Here Bolivar and Ribas were both made generals by the congress, and, after having divided their little army into two columns, they marched by different routes upon Caracas, gaining recruits at every step. The only serious resistance on the part of the Spaniards was directed against the col- umn of Ribas, who however routed Gen. Monteverde at Los Taguanes, and forced him to shut himself up in Puerto Cabello with the remainder of his troops. On hearing of Bolivar's approach, Gen. Fierro, the gover- nor of Caracas, sent deputies to propose a capitulation, which was concluded at Vito- ria; and on Aug. 4, 1813, the liberating army entered the capital. Bolivar was honored with a public triumph, and having proclaimed himself " dictator and liberator of the western provinces of Venezuela" Marino had as- sumed the title of "dictator of the eastern provinces" he created "the order of the liberator," established a body guard, and sur- rounded himself with the show of a court. By the conduct of his officers and by the sus- picions which were prevalent that Bolivar aimed only at personal aggrandizement, the enthusiasm of the people was turned to dissat- isfaction. The Spaniards recovered them- selves and resumed the offensive. Jan. 1, 1814, Bolivar assembled a junta of the most in- fluential inhabitants of Caracas, and asked to be relieved of the dictatorship ; but the junta insisted that he should retain the supreme power. In June, 1814, the Spanish general Boves marched on La Puerta, where Bolivar and Mariflo had formed a junction, and defeat- ed them in a battle in which the patriots lost 1,500 men. Caracas was next taken, and Boli- var, defeated again at Aragua, fled to Cumana, sailed with some of his officers to Cartagena, and thence went to Tunja, where the congress of the federal republic of New Granada created him commander-in-chief, with the double mis- sion of forcing the president of the province of Cundinamarca to acknowledge the author- ity of the congress, and of then marching against Santa Marta, the only fortified seaport the Spaniards still retained in New Granada. He took Santa Fe, carrying the suburbs by storm, and Bogota immediately capitulated and became the seat of the general government of New Granada. In his design against Santa