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 BOOKING BODENSTEDT 771 and extending his inquiries to all material, mental, social, religious, and general vestiges and aspects of civilization. His conception of philology as an organically constructed whole excited considerable opposition, but led to a more exhaustive study of classical history and civilization ; and he trained many renowned scholars, including Karl Otfried Muller. His remarkable knowledge of classical poetry is revealed in his Graces Tragixdm Principum, jEschyli, Sophoclis, Euripidw (Heidelberg, 1808), and especially in his edition of Pindar (2 vols., Leipsic, 1811-'22). The greatest monu- ment of his genius for minute investigation of political, economical, and social conditions is his Die Staatshawhaltung der Athener (2 vols., Berlin, 1817; enlarged edition, 1851), which was followed by related works entitled Metro- logische Untersuchungen uber Gewiehte, Miim- fusse und Home des Alterthums (1838), and Urkunden uber das Seeweesen des attischen Staats (1840). Of the first named work, an English translation was made by Sir G. C. Lewis ("Public Economy of Athens," 1828; 2d ed., 1841), and one of the second edition by An- thony Lamb (Boston and London, 1857). Un- der the auspices of the academy of sciences he published the Corpus Inscriptionurn Gfrceearum (4 vols., Berlin, 1824-' 62 ; since continued by his pupil Franz and afterward by Kirchhoff), designed to contain every known Greek printed and MS. inscription. He also presided over the academical committee appointed for the super- vision of a new edition of the works of Frede- rick the Great. His later publications include EpigrapJiisch-chronologwche Studien (Leipsic, 1856) ; his lectures and public orations, edited by Aseherson (2 vols., 1856-'9); and Ueberdie nierjahrigen Sonnenkreise der Alien (Berlin, 1863). His Gesammelte Icleinere Schriften have been published in 6 vols. (1858-'72), and a bi- ography of Bockh is in preparation (1873) by Prof. Stark. BOOKING, Ednard, a German jurist, born at Trarbach, May 20, 1802, died in Bonn, May 3, 1870. He studied at Heidelberg, Bonn, Berlin, and Gottingen, and was for 40 years the prin- cipal teacher of Roman law at the university of Bonn. Besides annotated editions of the frag- ments of Ulpiaa, the Institutes of Gaius, and other classical authorities on ancient law, he published Pandekten des romisehen Privat- rechts (2 vols., Bonn and Leipsic, 1843-'55); Der Grundriss der Pandekten (5th ed., Bonn, 1861) ; Romischeg Privatreeht, Institutionen des romischen Ciuilrechts(2d ed., Bonn, 1862); and, after many years' preparatory labors, the highly esteemed Notitia Dignitatum utriuggue Imperil (3 vols., Bonn, 1839-'50). He also published an edition of A. W. von Schlegel's works in 18 vols., and collected Ulrich von Hutten's Latin writings, with a bibliographical inde_x, in 7 vols. BOCKLIN, Arnold, a Swiss painter, born in Basel in 1 827. He studied in Dusseldorf, Paris, and Rome, was professor of landscape painting at the Weimar academy in 1860-'62, and has since resided in Rome. His principal works, remarkable for their powerful though ideal de- lineation of scenery, are in Munich, Berlin, and Basel. Among them are " Pan," " Amazons Hunting in the Forest," and "A Panic." BOCKSBERGER, or Bocksperg.fr, Hans or Micro- ii) mils, a German painter, born in Salzburg in 1540, died at the end of the 16th or early in the 17th century. He excelled in battles and hunting scenes, illustrated in the ducal palace of Augsburg the history of Frederick Barba- rossa, and in 1579 executed frescoes in the cas- tle of Trausnitz, which are still pointed out, together with his portraits of court jesters. BODE, Johann Elert, a German astronomer, born in Hamburg, Jan. 19, 1747, died in Berlin, Nov. 23, 1826. While a boy he made a tele- scope for himself, and converted his father's garret into an observatory. He published in early life a paper on a solar eclipse, and a pop- ular introduction to astronomy. In 1772 he was chosen astronomer to the Berlin academy of sciences. His "Astronomical Almanac" (Astranomische Jahrbucher), of which 54 vol- umes appeared at Berlin from 1776 to 1829, was continued by Encke. His Uranographia con- tarns observations on 17,240 stars, 12,000 more than were contained in any previous chart. The name of Bode's law has been given to a symmetrical relation or progression in the dis- tances of the planets from the sun. To 4 add 3 multiplied by 2 once, twice, thrice, &c., and the sums multiplied by 9,500,000 will give the distances of the successive planets from the sun. The progression is merely that of the numbers 4, 4+3, 4+6, 4+12, &c. This rule fails in the case of Neptune, the interval between its orbit and that of Mercury being but little more than one half larger than that between Uranus and Mercury. A similar progression is observed in the distances of the satellites of Jupiter and Saturn from those planets. The merit of dis- covering this law is not wholly Bode's. It is a modification of one previously announced by Kepler. BODENSTEDT, Friedrieh Martin, a German au- thor, born at Peine in Hanover, April 22,1819. He studied at Gottingen, Munich, and Berlin, and in 1840 became private tutor at Moscow, in the family of Prince Galitzin. While in this posi- tion, which he retained until 1844, he publish- ed two volumes of poetry. He was next for a short time at Tiflis in charge of a school and professor in the gymnasium, and in 1845 set out upon travels through the Crimea, the Caucasus, Asia Minor, and Greece. The result of his ob- servations was published in Volker de Kaukasus (2 vols., Frankfort, 1848, 1855) and Tamendund ein Tag im Orient (2 vols., Berlin, 1850 ; 4th ed., 1864). These two works were the foundation of his reputation. He was afterward engaged for several years in journalism, and in 1854 took up his residence at Munich and lectured as professor in the university, at first upon the Slavic languages and literatures, and from 1858