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 BLUNT BLUNTSCHLI 761 method of comparing different varieties of hu- man skeletons as well as skeletons of animals. Camper had only compared the facial angles of the skulls of Europeans, negroes, and orang- outangs ; Blumenbach perceived the insufficien- cy of these few points of comparison, and intro- duced a general survey of comparative anatomy. He insisted on the necessity of comparing the whole cranium and face, to distinguish the va- rieties of the human race ; and his numerous observations were published in the Collectio Craniorum Divermrum Gentium, published at Gottingen, in 7 decades, from 1790 to 1828, in 4to, with 80 figures, and in the Nova Pentas Collection^ suce Craniorum, which was joined to the work in the latter year. The ethnologi- eal division of mankind into five races, called respectively the Caucasian, the Mongolian, the Malay, the Ethiopian, and the American, was first proposed by Blumenbach, and for many years had popular currency, though now dis- carded as inadequate by most ethnologists. The greatest part of Blumenbach's life was passed at Gottingen. In 1783 he visited Switzerland, and gave a curious medical to- pography of that country in his Bibliothek. In 1788 he was in England, and also in 1792. The prince regent in 1816 conferred on him the office of physician to the royal family in Hanover, and in 1821 made him knight companion of the Guelphic order. The royal academy of Paris adopted him as a member in 1831. In 1825 Blumenbach celebrated the 50th anniversary of his inauguration as a doc- tor of medicine, and in 1826 of his professor- ship. In 1835 he retired from public life, and only lectured privately to select audiences. BLUNT. I. Kdinund March, an American hy- drographer, born at Portsmouth, N. H., June 20, 1770, died at Sing Sing, N. Y., Jan. 2, 1862. His "American Coast Pilot," describing every port on the coasts of the United States, has proved a useful work to seamen throughout the world. It was commenced by him in 1796, and the 24th edition was published by his son G. W. Blunt of New York in 1869 ; and it has been translated into most of the European lan- guages. His other nautical works, charts, &c., are numerous. II. Edmund, son of the preced- ing, born in Newburyport, Mass., Nov. 23, 1799, died in Brooklyn, N. Y., Sept. 2, 1866. At the age of 17 he surveyed the harbor of New York ; and from that time up to 1833 he was engaged in surveys in the West Indies, Guatemala, and the seacoast of the United States, on his pri- vate account. In 1833 he was appointed a first assistant in the U. S. coast survey, in which office he continued till his death. He was also a member of the firm of E. and G. W. Blunt, nautical publishers of New York. Mr. Blunt while on the coast survey advocated and pro- cured the introduction of the Fresnel light in American lighthouses. BLUNT, John James, an English divine, horn at Newcastle-under-Lyme in 1794, died in Cambridge, June 17, 1855. He obtained a fellowship in the university of Cambridge in 1816, and being appointed in 1818 one of the travelling bachelors, visited Italy, and wrote a volume on the " Vestiges of Ancient Manners and Customs discoverable in Modern Italy and Sicily " (1823). He held various ecclesiastical appointments till 1839, when, on the death of Bishop Marsh, he was elected Lady Margaret's professor of divinity. His principal works are : " Undesigned Coincidences in the Writ- ings both of the Old and New Testaments an Argument of their Veracity " (1847 ; 5th ed., 1856) ; " History of the Christian Church in the first three Centuries " (2d ed., 1856) ; and "Sketch of the Reformation of the Church of England," which passed through 15 edi- tions, and was translated into French and German. BLUNTSCHLI, Johann Kaspar, a German jurist and statesman, born in Zurich, Switzerland, March 7, 1808. He studied under Savigny at Berlin and under Niebuhr at Bonn, where he graduated in 1829. He was employed in the judiciary at Zurich and as teacher at the uni- versity (1830), and subsequently as professor, and member of the grand council (1837) and of the local government (1839). In opposition to the radicals, he founded a liberal-conservative party, and energetically, but in vain, exerted himself to prevent the civil war of 1847. After the downfall of the Sonderbund, and the de- cided victory of radicalism, he left Switzer- land and became professor of German and international law at Munich (1848), and since 1861 he has been professor of political sci- ence at Heidelberg. He was active in 1 862 in favor of a German house of representatives as a step toward national unity, and as a mem- ber of the Baden upper house in the cause of parliamentary reform. In conjunction with Baumgarten and other reformers he founded in 1864 the Protestant union, was president of the Protestant conventions at Eisenach (1865), Neustadt (1867), Bremen and Berlin (1868), and of the Baden general synod (1867). After the victory of Prussia over Austria in 1866 he favored an intimate union between North and South Germany, and was elected in 1867 to the Zollparlament (customs parlia- ment). His works include Stoats- und Rechts- geschichte der Stadt und Landschaft Zurich (2 vols., 1838-'9; 2d ed., 1856); Geschichte des Schweizerischen Bundesrechts (2 vols., 1846 -'52) ; Allgemeines Staatsrecht (2 vols., Mu- nich, 3d ed., 1863) ; Deutsches Privatrecht (1853; 3d ed., 1864); and Geschichte des allge- meinen Staatsrechts und der Politik (1864), the last named being the first of a series of works relating to the history of the various sciences, the publication of which was pro- posed by Maximilian II., the late king of Ba- varia. Among the other works which make him a high authority on international and po- litical sciences and law and the laws of war are : Das moderne Kriegsrecht der civilisirten Staaten ah Rechtsbuch dargettellt (Nordlingen,