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 586 BEBTEAND DE BOEN BEEWICK-ON-TWEED Paris, where he applied himself especially to the study of harmony and composition. He ultimately established himself in Grenoble. The number of his published works reaches nearly 200. They consist mainly of rondos, ca- prices, fantasias, nocturnes, and other compo- sitions for the piano ; but he has also composed a number of pieces for the piano in connec- tion with stringed and reed instruments, com- prising trios, quartets, sextets, and one nonet. He also prepared 12 sets of studies, which were written with much skill and a complete knowledge of what was necessary to form a correct progressive school for the pianoforte. KKK1KAM) DE BORN. See BOBN. BEKTKAND, Henri Gratien, count, a French soldier, born at Chateauroux, March 28, 1773, died there, Jan. 81, 1844. He early joined the corps of engineers, became a captain in 1795, and, after serving in the Italian and Egyptian campaigns, was made general of brig- ade. He distinguished himself at Austerlitz, became adjutant of the emperor and general of division, and after the battle of Aspern, where he restored the passage over the Danube, he was made count and governor of Illyria. He covered with his reserve corps the retreat of the army after the battle of Leipsic, and the passage over the Ehine after that of Hanau. To his previous rank of grand marshal of the palace the emperor added on his return to Paris that of aide major general of the national guard. He followed Napoleon to Elba, and with Soult is said to have prevented the em- peror from rushing into death at Waterloo. Bertrand and his wife (a daughter of Gen. Ar- thur Dillon) shared the exile at St. Helena. His sons published the Campagnes d'&gypte et de Syrie, dictees par Napoleon, A Sainte-Helene, aw general Bertrand (2 vols., Paris, 1847), which he wrote under Napoleon's dictation. Eeturning to Paris after Napoleon's death, the sentence of death previously passed upon him was cancelled, and he was restored to his rank. After the July revolution he was for a short time at the head of the polytechnic school, and was a deputy till 1834, advocating liberal meas- ures and the freedom of the press. In 1840 he escorted Napoleon's remains from St. Helena to Paris, and he was buried by his side. One of his sons, ALEXANDBE ARTHUR HENRI, born in 1811, acquired distinction as a soldier in Al- geria and the Crimea, and as a deputy, and be- came in 1854 general of brigade. BERl'LLE, Pierre de, a French prelate and statesman, born near Troyes, Feb. 4, 1575, died in Paris, Oct. 2, 1629. He was the founder of the order of Carmelite nuns and of the congregation of the Oratory in France. He hrought about the first reconciliation between Louis XIII. and his mother, concluded as am- bassador to Spain the peace of Monzon, ob- tained on a mission to the Roman see a dis- pensation for the marriage of Henrietta of France with the prince of Wales, and accom- panied the princess to England. He after- ward became minister of state, to the great displeasure of Eichelien, who soon made this position untenable for him, after which he returned to ecclesiastical avocations. Urban VIII. made him cardinal in 1627, but he de- clined the bishoprics offered to him by Hen- ry IV. and Louis XIII., and remained content with the moderate benefice of two abbeys, joining as before his elevation in the humble practices of his order. He was also noted for liis patronage of literature and science, and was among the first to appreciate Descartes. His works, chiefly sermons, passed through many editions during his life, and were col- lected by his disciples after his death (2 vols. fol., 1644, and 1 vol. fol., 1657). BERWICK, James Fltz-James, duke of, an Eng- lish and French soldier, born in 1670, killed at Philippsburg, June 12, 1734. He was an ille- gitimate son of James II. by Arabella Church- ill, sister of the duke of Marlborough, and was raised to the peerage in 1687 as Baron Bos- worth, earl of Tinmouth, and duke of Berwick- on-Tweed ; but these titles became forfeited in 1095, when he was attainted. He accompanied his father to France, and in 1690 to Ireland, where he distinguished himself at the siege of Londonderry and the battle of the Boyne. He acquired reputation in the French service under Louis XIV., who in 1693 made him lieu- tenant general and in 1706 marshal. For his successful expedition in aid of Philip V. of Spain in 1704 he was made grandee by that king. Eecalled to France, he fought the Ca- misards, and conquered Nice, but subsequently resumed the command in Spain, and in 1707 achieved over the combined English and Por- tuguese forces the brilliant and decisive victory of Almanza, for which Philip V. granted him the dignity of duke and the towns of Liria and Xerica. On his return to France he was placed at the head of the army on the Ehine, in 1719 commanded against Philip V. in Spain, and fell, after many gallant achievements, at the siege of Philippsburg. His first wife was the -widow of the earl of Lucan and a daugh- ter of the earl of Clanricarde, by whom he had issue James Francis, duke of Liria and Xerica, whose posterity perpetuate the senior branch of the Berwick family. His second wife, Anne Bulkeley, bore him several children, th eldest of whom inherited the title of duko de Fitz-James, that had been conferred upon him in France. The spurious Memoires du marechal de Berwick (2 vols., Hague, l737-'8) were followed by the genuine Memoires, pub- lished by the duke de Fitz-James and revised by the abbe Hook (2 vols., Paris, 1778). BERWICK-ON-TWEED, an Anglo-Scotch bor- der town and seaport, on the N. bank of the Tweed, near the German ocean, 58 m. by railway E. S. E. of Edinburgh; pop. of the town and parliamentary borough in 1871, 13,- 231. Geographically it forms part of Berwick- shire, Scotland, but belongs to England, and is not legally included in any county, though