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 BERNARD BERNARDIN OF SIENA 575 in the academical annals. His other works in- clude Lafonction glycogeniquedu foie (1849); Recherehes experimentales sur le grand sympa- thigue et sur ^influence que la section de ce nerf exerce sur la chaleur animate (1854); Le- fons de physiologie experimental appliquee A la medeeine (2 vols., 1855-'6); Lecons sur les proprietes physiologiques et les alterations pa- thologiques des different* liquides de Vorga- nisme(2 vols., 1859); Lecons et experiences phy- siologiques sur la nutrition et le developpement (1860); and De la physiologie generale (1872). The last named work received a valuable prize from the academy. His most important dis- coveries relate to the functions of the liver. BERNARD, Sir Frantls, colonial governor of New Jersey and Massachusetts, born in Nettle- ham, England, in 1714, died in London, June 16, 1779. He was a lawyer, was appointed governor of New Jersey in 1758, and trans- ferred in 1760 to Massachusetts, where he fa- vored all the pretensions of the crown, brought troops into Boston, and prorogued the general court when it refused to make provision for their support. That body before it dispersed unanimously voted a petition to the king hum- bly entreating that Bernard might be removed for ever from the government of the province. He was recalled in 1769, and as he departed from Boston the bells were rung, cannon fired after him from the wharves, and the liberty tree hung with flags. The English government manifested its approbation of his course by creating him a baronet. He was a man of eru- dition and a patron of Harvard college. BERNARD, Jarqnrs a French writer, born at Nyons, Sept. 1, 1658, died April 27, 1718. In 1679 he became pastor of the Reformed church at Vinsobres. During the persecutions that preceded the revocation of the edict of Nantes his church was destroyed and he fled to Switz- erland, where he gave lessons in mathematics and French. He afterward went to the Hague and opened a school for belles-lettres, philoso- phy, and mathematics. He continued the pub- lication of the Bibliotheque universelle which had been undertaken by Leclerc, and in 1693 succeeded Bayle as editor of the Nounelles de la republique dei lettres, and, although very inferior to his predecessor, continued to con- duct it till his death, with the exception of the interval from 1710 to 1716. He published sev- eral historical and religious works, including a history of Europe in 5 vols., of the peace of Ryswick in 5 vols., and a collection of trea- tises since the time of Charlemagne in 4 vols. BERNARD. I. John, an English comedian, born in Portsmouth in 1756, died in London, Nov. 29, 1828. His first appearance in Lon- don was in 1787 at Covent Garden theatre, as Archer in "The Beaux Stratagem," and was very successful. He was secretary for nine years of the celebrated Beefsteak club. In 1797 he appeared for the first time in the Uni- ted States at Birkett's circus (then fitted up as a theatre), Greenwich street, New York, as Gold- 89 VOL. H. 37 finch in the "Road to Ruin." He was one of the managers of the Boston theatre for several years, and finally returned to England in 1813. His " Recollections of the Stage " relates his adventures up to the period (June, 1797) when he went to America, or during one half of his theatrical career. The book was not popular, and the second part never appeared. II. Wil- liam Bayle, an English dramatist, son of the pre- ceding, born in Boston, Mass., Jan. 1, 1808. He went to England with his father, whose "Recollections of the Stage" he prepared, and wrote "The Nervous Man and the Man of Nerve," " The Irish Attorney," "The Mummy," "His Last Legs," "Dumb Belle," "A Practical Man," "The Middy Ashore," "The Boarding School," "The Round of Wrong," "A Splen- did Investment," and "A Life's Trial." BERNARD, Simon, a French general and en- gineer, born at Dole, April 28, 1779, died in Paris, Nov. 5, 1839. He was educated at the polytechnic school, led the assault upon Ivrea in 1800, served in various subsequent cam- paigns, was made aide-de-camp to the emperor in 1813, and throwing himself into Torgau with 8,000 men superintended the defence of that place for three months during a terrible siege. In 1814 he gave in his adherence to Louis XVIII. and was appointed brigadier general, in 1815 again fought on the side of Napoleon at Waterloo, and once more entered the service of Louis XVIII. ; but having been ordered to leave Paris for Dole, he obtained permission from the king to go to the United States. He there entered the service of the government, devised a system of canals and roads for con- necting the great lakes and navigable rivers, and a scheme for the defence of the coast, and constructed Fortress Monroe, some of the de- fences of New York, and other works. Upon the revolution of 1830 he returned to France, and was intrusted by Louis Philippe with the preparation of plans for the fortification of Paris. He was strongly hi favor of the system of detached forts which was afterward carried out. In 1834 he was for a short time minister of war, and ad interim of foreign affairs. In 1836 he was made minister of war a second time, and held that office till 1839. BERNARD, Saint, Great and Little. See SAINT BERNARD. BERNARD OF TREV1SO, an Italian alchemist, horn at Padua in 1406, died in 1490. He as- sumed the title of count of the March of Tre- viso, devoted his life and a large fortune to ex- periments and travels in search of the philoso- pher's stone, and after much observation and study arrived at the principle, " To make gold, gold is needed." In one of his many works he describes the trials and disappointments of an alchemist's life ; and in his treatise De Mi- raculo Chemico he develops a curious theory in regard to the origin of heat. BERNARDIN OF SIENA, Saint, born at Massa, Italy, Sept. 8, 1380, died at Aquila, May 20, 1444. He showed remarkable courage and de-