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 BERLIN BERLINGHIERI 567 and four similar institutions chiefly for soldiers. Vaccination is obligatory; hydrophobia and cattle diseases are guarded against by public enactments ; and measures are in progress for the establishment of canals and for protection against malaria arising from the defective drainage. Prostitution prevails extensively, over 15,000 females being partly under medi- cal control and under surveillance of the Sit- I tenpolizei (administration relating to public morality). More than half of the population ' are engaged in various manufactures, including iron and steel ware, machines, and many other articles. Of printed cotton goods the annual production is valued at nearly 9,000,000 tha- lers. The export of manufactured articles to the United States alone amounts to 4,000,000 j thalers. The Seehandlung is one of the most j celebrated commercial establishments. The | commerce in wool and corn is very extensive, and there are over 8,000 commercial houses, including many joint stock companies. The exchange of Berlin, a fine building near the post office on the Konigsstrasse, is one of the The Kxchauge. most important financial centres of the con- tinent. Its transactions in 1869 were estimated at 58,000,000 thalers for railways, 5,000,000 for industrial enterprises, 13,000,000 for bank- ing enterprise, and 2,000,000 for loans. The total value of real estate and personal property in Berlin is estimated at 700,000,000 thalers. The city consumes annually 200,000 quintals of butter. 120,000 of coffee, 40,000 of rice, and 4,000,000 tons of coal. In 1869 nearly 200,000 quintals of wool and over 400,000 head of cattle arrived from the interior. There are over 50 breweries, and the con- sumption of beer is increasing. Nearly 18,- 000,000 letters annually reach the post office, about one half of them city letters. Over 30,000 persons arrive and depart from Berlin daily, chiefly belonging to the interior of Prus- sia. Over 3,000 conveyances, including 19 horse cars and 180 stages, circulated in the city in 1870; nearly 50 railway trains arrive and depart daily, and there is a large traffic carried on by the roads and canals. The population, reduced by the thirty years' war to 6,000, rose by the influx of French ref- ugees under the great elector to 20,000 ; in 1740 it was 90,000, and it was doubled about the end of the century. In 1831 it was over 200,000; in 1841, over 300,000; in 1851, over 400,000; in 1861, over 500,000; in 1867, over 700,000; and in 1872 it is over 800,000. According to recent investigations, the original fishing village of Kolln, the primi- tive site of part of the present city, was sur- rounded by a heath for geese which was called Berlin; and hence this name was afterward applied to the whole city, especially as it was necessary to distinguish it from Cologne (Koln). Under the margrave Albert II. (1206-'20) the villages of Kolln and Berlin, as they were then called, rose from their insignificance. The elector Frederick II. (with the Iron Teeth) built in 1442 a castle at Kolln, on the Spree ; and John Cicero chose it as his permanent res- idence. The rise of Berlin after the calami- ties of the thirty years' war was mainly due to Frederick William, the great elector, who also built fortifications. Frederick, the first king of Prussia, built the palace and the arsenal, and the enlargement of the city under his reign was carried on by his successors. Under Frederick the Great Berlin rose to intellectual and commercial prominence, and was enriched with additional palaces. During the seven years' war Berlin was occupied by the Aus- trians and Russians, and subjected to great vicissitudes. Frederick William III. did more than any of his dynasty for the embellishment and improvement of the city, especially after the trials of Berlin during the war with Na- poleon I., when Schinkel gave a new splendor to its architecture, while the literary and scien- tific prestige of the capital was increased by the influence of the university and that of a host of scholars and savants of the highest rank. Frederick William IV. paid much at- tention to churches, while under his reign the city was enlarged by new suburbs ; and the cultivation of new territories and improve- ments and extensions are going on steadily in almost all directions. The triumphal entry of the German army after the Franco-German war took place here on June 16, 1871; and the emperors of Russia and of Austria were in Berlin on a visit to the emperor of Germany in September, 1872. See Streckfnss, Berlin seit 500 Jahren (1864), and Berlin und seine Entwickelung (an annual publication of the statistical bureau). Ill III IM.illl 1:1. Andrea Vaeea, an Italian sur- geon, born in Pisa in 1772, died there, Sept. 6, 1826. He studied anatomy at Paris, under Desanlt, and in England, under Hunter and Bell, and on his return to Pisa published some observations on Bell's system of surgery. In 1799 he was appointed to assist his father, who was professor of surgery in the university of Pisa, and three years later was placed at the head of the school of clinical surgery, which was then founded. He invented useful instru-