Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume II.djvu/432

 412 BAZEILLES contributors to the Producteur. In 1828, when the St. Simonians commenced expounding their doctrines in public meetings, Bazard was with Enfantin their acknowledged head. He wished to confine the doctrines to strictly philosophical theory, and quarrelled with Enfantin, who pro- posed to convert them into a religious creed rejecting the ties of marriage. In 1831 he pub- lished a manifesto charging Enfantin and his followers with planning a new social order founded upon corruption, licentiousness, and bad faith. He at the same titne proclaimed himself chief of the new St. Simonian hie- rarchy ; but the great majority of the St. Si- inonians adhered to Enfantin. I! Z KIM.KS, a village of France, in the depart- ment of Ardennes, at the confluence of the Ohiers and the Givonne, half a mile from the Meuse, and 2 m. S. of Sedan; pop. in 1866, 2,048. It had cloth manufactories and iron works. At the beginning of the battle of Se- dan (Sept. 1, 1870) the village was wholly de- stroyed by the Bavarians, who charged the in- habitants with having fired from their houses on the wounded Germans and the physicians. In 1872 it was already in great part restored. IM/IV I. Antoine Pierre Ernest, a French physician, born at St. Brice, Feb. 20, 1807. Like many of his ancestors, he early adopted the medical profession, and has been since 1847 physician of the hospital of St. Louis and pro- fessor of dermatology. His principal works relate to diseases of the skin and to syphilis, and a second edition of his Ltfom theoriques et cliniquet sur la syphilis et les syphilides was published in 1867. II. Antoine Pierre Lonls, a French philologist, brother of the preceding, born March 26, 1799, died in January, 1863. He was professor of Chinese, translated many works from that language, and in 1856 pub- lished Grammaire mandarine, ou principes ge- neraux de la langue ehinoise parlee. BDELLIUM, a gum resin obtained from the amyrit commiphora of India and Madagascar, and the Senegal variety from the Heiidelotia Africann. Its color is brownish red. The fracture is dull and wax-like. It burns with a balsamic odor, and resembles myrrh in taste, smell, and medicinal properties. It is some- times, but rarely, used for plasters, and is also administered internally. BEACH, Moses Yale, an American mechanic and editor, born at Wallingford, Conn., Jan. 7, 1800, died there, July 19, 1868. At the age of 14 he was apprenticed to a cabinet-maker at Hartford, but purchased his freedom in his 18th year. After failing in the cabinet business at Northampton, Mass., he removed to Spring- field and endeavored to manufacture a gun- powder engine for propelling balloons. The attempt was unsuccessful. He next undertook to open steam navigation on the Connecticut river between Hartford and Springfield, but the ruinous state of his affairs obliged him to cease operations while his steamer was on the stocks. Mr. Beach soon after devised a rag-cutting ma- BEAD chine, which was adopted in paper mills. lie next removed to Ulster county, N..Y., where he became concerned in an extensive paper mill. In 1835 he acquired an interest in the "Sun" newspaper in New York, the pioneer of the penny press, of which he soon made himself sole proprietor. In 1857 he retired from busi- ness and took up his residence in Wallingford. BEACONSFIEL1), a market town of Bucking- hamshire, England, 23 m. W. by N. of London ; pop. in 1871, 2,926. It is situated on high ground, where once there was a beacon. The remains of Edmund Burke are deposited in the parish church; and the churchyard contains a monument to the poet Waller, who owned the manor. Beaconsfield gave the title of vis- countess to the wife of Benjamin Disraeli. BEAD (A. S. bead, prayer ; Dan. fiede, to pray), a small perforated body, usually globular, made of various materials, and used as an ornament or to number prayers. Beads are worn in the form of a chain by stringing them together. The wearing of beads for ornaments is of very great antiquity. The Egyptians, besides wear- ing them, adorned their mummies with them. The Egyptians, and probably the Phoenicians, made glass beads more than 3,000 years ago. The Old Testament often refers to the wearing of beads, as in Canticles : " Thy cheeks are comely with rows of jewels, thy neck with chains of gold," chains in this passage signify- ing perforated articles. Beads made of marine shells were used from remote traditional times by the New England Indians as a currency, under the name of wampum, and were also worn in a belt, called wampumpaque. Schoolcraft gives an interesting account of the discovery of beads of various forms and materials in Isle Ronde, Lake Huron. Necklaces and bracelets made of beads of metals, shells, teeth, coral, seeds of plants, and other materials, are de- scribed by nearly all travellers among prim- itive peoples. Beads, principally of glass, but of other materials also, are in common use among the tribes of Africa as a currency, and are carried there in great quantities by travel- lers. In the Roman Catholic church, beads, in the form of chaplets, are used in saying the rosary, a series of prayers to the Blessed V irgin. " St. Cuthbert's beads " was the name given to a chaplet of beads made from the joints of the stems of fossil encrinites. (See ROSARY.) The worshippers of the grand lama use a string of beads in their religious ceremonies. The Chinese chaplet contains 108 beads, and is worn as a necklace ; some of the beads denote the rank of the wearer. The Mohammedans use a chaplet of beads, wh'ich they count with their fingers while reciting the 99 qualities of God mentioned in the Koran. Murano, a small island near Venice, and Birmingham, England, are the principal seats of the manufacture of glass beads. They are made from tubes, which are cut into pieces of the desired length, the sharp edges being then rounded by fusing, either with the blowpipe or by the application