Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume II.djvu/431

 BAZAINE BAZARD 411 feated over 20,000 Spaniards on the plain of Baza. The hot sulphur springs of Bensalema, near Zujar, at the foot of the Javalcol moun- tain, are often called the springs of Baza. BAZAINE, Francois Acbille, a French general, born in Versailles, Feb. 13, 1811. He enlisted as a private in 1831, became a lieutenant in Algeria in 1835, captain after two years' ser- vice with the foreign legion against the Carlists in Spain, lieutenant colonel in 1848 after nine years' active duties in Algeria and Morocco, colonel of the foreign legion in 1850, and gen- eral of brigade in the Crimean war, acting as commander of Sehastopol after its capture. He acquired the rank of general of division in 1855, and participated in the capture of Kin- burn. Subsequently he held the post of mili- tary inspector in France. In the Italian cam- paign he was wounded, June 8, 1859, while commanding a division in the attack upon Me- legnano, and he took a conspicuous part in the battle of Solferino. In 1862 he commanded in Mexico the first division of the French army, and by defeating Comonfort compelled the sur- render of Puebla, May 18, 1863, shortly after which the French entered the capital. On Oct. 1, 1863, he succeeded Forey as commander- in-chief, acting also as civil administrator of the occupied districts ; and the rank of mar- shal was conferred on him in 1864. In Febru- ary, 1865, he captured the town of Oajaca, together with a Mexican army of 7,000 men under Diaz. Though he persuaded Maximil- ian to issue the most rigorous decrees against the Juarists, and himself relentlessly executed them, he was generally believed to be engaged in secret plottings with the enemies of that emperor, in pursuance of personal ambitious schemes. He married a rich Mexican lady whose family sided with Juarez. In February, 1867, he withdrew with his forces from the cap- ital, declaring Maximilian's position to be un- tenable, and soon afterward embarked at Vera Cruz. On his arrival in France, though ex- posed to violent public denunciations, he took his seat in the senate, and was appointed com- mander of the 3d army corps ; and in October, 1869, after the death of St. Jean d'Angely, he became commander-in-chief of the imperial guard at Paris. On the outbreak of the Fran- co-German war in 1870 he was placed in com- mand near Metz of the 3d corps, consisting of four divisions of infantry, one of cavalry, and a strong force of artillery. After the defeats of Worth and Forbach, he assumed on Aug. 8 the command of the main French armies, in place of the emperor Napoleon, and began his retreat from Metz Aug. 14. hoping to effect a junction with the army near Chalons and with the new forces gathering under MacMahon. But he was attacked on the same day, when still in front of the fortress, and after the succeeding bloody battles of Mars-la-Tour (Aug. 16) and Gravelotte (Aug. 18) was forced to retire with- in the fortifications, and soon after hermetically shut in by Prince Frederick Charles. He made several futile attempts to break through the in- vesting anny, that of Aug. 31 to Sept. 1 proving very disastrous. After the capitulation at Se- dan he renewed these attempts (Oct. 7, 8) to escape from Metz, and then tried to negotiate with the Germans at Versailles through his adjutant, Gen. Boyer, and in the interest, it was thought, of the deposed dynasty ; but he was compelled on Oct. 27 to surrender to Prince Frederick Charles with his entire force of 173,000 men, including 3 marshals, 3 com- manders of corps, 40 generals of division, 100 brigadier generals, and 6,000 other officers, who by the terms of the capitulation all became pris- oners of war, Bazaine himself being permitted to join the ex-emperor at Cassel. After the preliminary treaty of peace he removed to Ge- neva in March, 1871. Having been charged with treason by Gambetta, he defended him- self in his Rapport sommaire sur let operations de Varmee du Rhin du 13 aout au 29 octobre. He was placed under arrest May 14, 1872, but his trial had not taken place up to June, 1873. BAZALCETTE, Joseph William, an English civil engineer, of French extraction, born in 1819. He studied in London under Sir John McNeil, and eventually became engineer to the metropolitan commission of sewers, and en- gineer-in-chief to the metropolitan board of works. He executed the main drainage works of London, and planned the improved drainage of many localities at home and abroad. Among his great achievements are the works connected with the Thames embankment. BAZANCOIRT, Cesar de, baron, a French writer, born in 1810, died in Paris, Jan. 25, 1865. Un- der Louis Philippe he was director of the library at Compiegne, and wrote numerous novels and a "History of Sicily under Norman Domina- tion " (2 vols., 1846). Under Napoleon III. he became the official historian of the Crimean and Italian campaigns. His works on those subjects (each 2 vols., 1857 and 1859-'60) passed through many editions. He also wrote a his- tory of the French expeditions to China and Cochin China (2 vols., 1861 -'2), and a work on fencing (Le secrete de Vepee, 1861). BAZARD, Aniiiud, a French carbonarist and St. Simonian, born in Paris, Sept. 19, 1791, died at Courtray, July 29, 1832. In 1818 he became the principal editor of IS Aristarque, an opposi- tion journal. When, on the assassination of the duke of Berry in 1820, the freedom of the press was restricted, he published many pam- phlets to diffuse liberal opinions among the peo- ple ; and at the same time he founded the lodge of les amis de la verite, pursuing his political purposes under the cover of freemasonry. Aid- ed by Dugied and Joubert, he organized carbo- nari societies, which soon numbered 200,000 members. He took part in the many conspira- cies which tended to the overthrow of the Bourbon monarchy. On the discovery of the Beford military plot he was outlawed, but escaped. He afterward became one of the first disciples of St. Simon, and in 1825 one of the