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 398 BAUMGARTNER ogy at Jena. His writings on the history of Christian dogmas made him prominent. He was in many respects a follower of Schleier- macher, and published in 1834 Ueber Schleier- macher, seine Denkart, und sein Verdienst. i: U ill. i; I M:K. Andreas TOD, baron, an Aus- trian statesman and savant, born at Friedberg, Bohemia, Nov. 23, 1793, died at Hietzing, near Vienna, July 28, 1865. Pie studied mathemat- ics, and in 1817 became professor of physical science at Olmiltz, and in 1823 in the university of Vienna. Ill health compelling him to re- frain from teaching, he subsequently superin- tended various manufactories controlled by the government, and after 1846 he directed the construction of telegraphs and railways. He was minister of commerce and public works and of finance from 1851 to 1855, and in 1861 became a member of the house of peers. He popularized science in relation to art and in- dustry, and his lectures were collected in a volume entitled Mechanik in Hirer Anwendung auf Kumte und Gewerbe (2d ed., Vienna, 1823). His Naturlehre (1823 ; 8th ed., 1844-'5) and his contributions to periodicals diffused much knowledge of natural science; and his Chemie und Geschuhte der ffimmelskorper nach der Spectralanalyse (1862), and Die me- fhanische Theorie der Warme (1864), contain his academical lectures on chemistry. See Schrotter, Freiherr ton Eaumgartner, eine Lebensskizie (Vienna, 1866). BAUMGARTNER, GaDns Jakob, a Swiss politician nnd historian, born at Altstatten, Oct. 18, 1797, died in St. Gall in July, 1869. He was the son of a mechanic, studied law, and became prominent as a leader of the liberal party in St. Gall till about 1841, when his alliance with the ultramontanes diminished his popularity, though his eloquence and executive ability led to his being chosen in 1843, and again in 1857-'60, as a member of various legislative bodies. He wrote Die Schweiz in ihren JTampfen und Umgestaltungen von 1830 bis 1850 (4 vols., Zurich, 1853-'66). BAUMGARTNER, Karl Heinrieb, a German phys- iologist, born at Pforzheim, Baden, Oct. 21, 1798. He is a graduate of Heidelberg, and was professor of clinics there from 1824 to 1862, when he published Vermachtnisse eines Klini- kers. He acquired renown by his observations on the development of animals, and by his inves- tigations on the circulation of the blood. His medical works included Handbuch der speciel- len KranTcheits- und Heilungslehre (2 vols., Stuttgart, 1835 ; 4th ed., 1842), and Grundzuge zur Physiologie und zur allgemeinen Krank- heits- und Heilungslehre (1837 ; 3d ed., 1854). These two works constitute his Dualistisches System der Medeein. Among his physiological publications are Die Embryonalanlage dureJi Keimmpaltungen (1854), Anfange zu einer phy- siologischen Schopfungsgeschichte (1855), and ScMpfungsgedanken (Freiburg, 1856-'9). BAIR, Ferdinand Christian, a German theolo- gian, born at Schmiden, Wurtemberg, June BAUR 21, 1792, died in Tubingen, Dec. 2, 1860. He was educated at Tubingen, became a clergy- man and afterward a private tutor, and in 1817 was appointed professor at the seminary of Blaubeuern. He was at that period a fol- lower of Neander and Schleiermacher, and published Symbolik und Mythologie, oder die Naturreligion des Alterthums (3 vols., Stutt- gart, 1824-'5), which won for him in 1826 the chair of evangelical theology in the university of Tubingen, which he occupied during the rest of his life. He became the founder of the new Tubingen school of theology (see his letter to Hase of Jena, 1855, and his Die Tubinger Schule, 1859), which further developed his sys- tem of applying critical tests to the canonical writings. He denied the authenticity of the Gospel of St. John, and all the Pauline epistles except those to the Galatians, Corinthians, and Romans. He drew many inferences from Hegel without altogether identifying himself with the Hegelian system of philosophy, and was charged by his adversaries with having converted He- gelianism into pantheism, and positive Chris- tian faith into Gnostic idealism, and with the subversion of the fundamental doctrines of or- thodox Christianity. His followers, however, regard him as the greatest master mind in the- ology since the death of Schleiermacher. His works relating to the New Testament include Die Christuspartei in der korinthisehen Ge- meinde, der Gegensatz des paulinischen und petrinischen Christenthums (in 'the Tubingen Zeitsehriftjur Theologie, 1835); Die sogenann- ten Pastoralbriefe des Apostels Paulus (Stutt- gart, 1835; 2d ed., 1866-'7); and Paulus, der Apostel Jesu Christi, sein Leben und Wirken, seine Brief e und seine Lehre (1845). The last named work contains the general result of all his investigations relating to St. Paul, and his Kritische Untersuchungen uber die kanonischen Evangelien, ihr Verhdltniss zu einander, ihren Ursprung und Charakter (Tubingen, 1847), gives his researches relating to St. John, St. Luke (which two had been previously publish- ed in 1844 and 1846 respectively), St. Mark, and St. Matthew. His works on dogma, based on historical treatment, comprise Das Mani- chaische Religionssystem (1831); Die christ- liche Gnosis, oder die christliche Keligionsphilo- sophie (1835), from the 2d to the 19th century ; Die christliche Lehre von der Versohnung (1838) ; Die christliche Lehre von der Drei- einiglceit und Menschwerdung Gottes (3 vols., 1841-'3) ; and Lehrbuch der christlichen Dog- mengeschichte (Stuttgart, 1847; 3d ed., 1867). Against the symbolism of Mohler he published Erwiderung gegen Mahler's neueste Polemik (1834), Gegensatz des Katholicismus und Pro- testantismus (2d ed., 1836), and other wri- tings. Among his last and most extensive historico-ecclesiastical productions are Epochen der kirchlichen Geschichtschreibung (1852), and a history of the Christian church to the 19th century (5 vols., 1853- ; 63), the last two volumes of which, left nearly completed, were