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 BAUHBT BAUMGARTEN-CRUSIUS 397 are the ruins of an old castle that formerly be- longed to the dukes of Anjou. BAUHLV, Jean, a Swiss physician and natu- ralist, born in Basel in 1541, died in 1613. He was a pupil of the botanist Fuchs at Tubin- gen, accompanied Conrad Gesner in his botani- cal excursions, travelled extensively over cen- tral Europe, and became court physician to Duke Ulric of Wurtemberg. Bauhin cultivated in the ducal gardens of Montbeliard a great number of plants then recently introduced into Europe. His greatest work is ffutoria Plan- tarum Nova et Absolutissima (3 vols., Yverdun, 1650-'51). I! Mm VSlliilll,!:. a cave in the Hartz, in the duchy of Brunswick, on the left bank of the Bode, about 5 m. from Blankenburg. It is a cavity in a limestone mountain, divided into six principal apartments and several smaller ones, which are all profusely studded with sta- lactites. Fossil bones of the great cave bear and other animals are found here. It was named from a miner who discovered it in 1672. BAUME, Antoine, a French apothecary and chemist, born at Senlis, Feb. 26, 1728, died Oct. 15, 1804. He was the son of an inn- keeper, and received an imperfect education; but he was apprenticed to the chemist Geoffrey, and was highly successful in scientific re- searches. At the age of 24 (1752) he was made a member of the college of pharmacy, Paris, and was soon after appointed professor of chemistry. He established a manufactory for the preparation of acetate of lead, muriate of tin, mercurial salts, antimonial preparations, and other articles for medicine and the arts, and manufactured for the first time in France sal ammoniac, previously imported from Egypt. He invented a process for bleaching raw silks, devised a cheap method of purifying saltpetre, improved the process for dyeing scarlet in the Gobelins manufactory, and made improve- ments in the manufacture of porcelain and in the areometer, constructing for the latter a scale which is still in use. Acquiring a com- petence, he abandoned manufacturing and de- voted himself to the application of chemis- try to the arts. He was a member of the academy of sciences (1773), and a correspon- dent of the institute (1796). His works are : Dissertation mr V ether, and Plan (Tun cours de chimie experimental (12mo, Paris, 1757) ; Opuscules de chimie (8vo, 1798) ; Elements de pharmacie theorique et pratique (2 vols. 8vo, 1762, and later editions, 1769, 1773, and 1818); Chimie experimental et raisonnee (3 vols. 8vo, 1773); and several papers in the Memoires of the academy of sciences, and in the Diction- naire des arts et metiers. BAU1IGARTEIV, Alexander Gottlieb, a German author, born in Berlin in 1714, died in Frank- fort-on-the-Oder, where he was professor of philosophy, May 26, 1762. He was the founder of the science of aesthetics in his two works: De Nonnullis ad Poema pertinentibus (Halle, 1735), and ^Esthetica (2 vols., Frankfort, 1750- '58, incomplete), which are written in the spirit of the Wolfian philosophy. Baumgarten was the first to attempt a scientific analysis of the principles of beauty in nature as well as in art, and of those faculties of the mind by which the beautiful is recognized. He maintained that the mind has a double faculty of perception, the higher or logical one, which forms reason- able notions establishing the truth, while the lower or aesthetic perceives immediately, with- out conscious reasoning, the elements of beauty. Other works of Baumgarten are Metaphysica, Ethica Philosophica, and Initia Philosophic Practices. BACMGARTE1V, Michael, a German theologian, born at Haseldorf, in Holstein, March 25, 1812. He studied at Kiel, became professor at Kostock in 1850, and in 1858 he was removed on account of his alleged deviations from the established evangelical church, and tried for having pub- lished his vindication (Eine kirchliche Krww in Mecklenburg, Brunswick, 1858), but acquitted. Since 1865 he has been prominent in the first Protestant German convention at Eisenach, and as the most energetic defender of the Protestant association. His writings include Apostelge- schichte, oder Entwickelungsgang der Kirche von Jerusalem bis Horn (2 vols., Brunswick, 1852; 2d ed., 1859); Die Oeschichte Jesu (1859); and David, der Konig ohne gleichen (Berlin, 1862). BU MGARTE, si-mimd Jakob, a German theo- logian, born at Wolinirstadt, March 14, 1706, died in Halle, July 4, 1757. He was a grad- uate of Halle, a follower of Wolf, and a friend of Semler, who after his death continued his AllgemeineWeltgeschichte (prepared from Eng- lish sources, 16 vols., Halle, 1744-'56), and in 1758 published his biography. He was among the most influential theologians of the 18th cen- tury. His works include Auszug der Kirchen- geschichte (3 vols., 1743-'6), Nachrichten von einer Hallischen Bibliothek (8 vols., 1748-'51), and Nachrichten von merkwurdigen Buchem (12 vols., 1752-'7). iani(.llll l,-n:i vil s. I. Detlev Karl Wllhelm, a German philologist, born in Dresden, Jan. 24, 1786, died May 12, 1845. He studied theology and classical literature at Leipsic, and was a teacher and rector in the schools of Merseburg, Dresden, and Meissen, and a member of the Dresden municipal assembly in 1830. As teacher and legislator he brought about many reforms in the school system, and during the German war of independence he roused the enthusiasm of the German youth by his patri- otic publications. He prepared pocket edi- tions of many classic writers, and brought out a new edition of Muller's Homerische Vorschule (Leipsic, 1836). He also published a new bi- ography of Georg Fabricius (Leipsic, 1839), besides miscellaneous, ethical, religious, and travelling sketches. II. Lndwig Frledrlch Otto, a German theologian, brother of the prece- ding, born in Merseburg, July 31, 1788, died in Jena, May 31, 1843. He studied in Leip- sic, and was over 25 years professor of theol-