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 BAUDIN BAUER 395 3, 1804, died in Paris, Dec. 3, 1857. He found- ed a hospital in Algiers, in which he taught anatomy and surgery for nine years. He was in most of the African campaigns, and figures in two of Horace Vernet's paintings. In 1841 he became director of the Paris military hospital of instruction, the Val-de-Grace. During the Crimean war he was a memher of the sanitary committee of the army. His principal works are : Nouvelle methode des amputations (Paris, 1842), and La guerre de Crimee, les campe- ments, les abris, les ambulances, les Mpitaux, &c. (Paris, 185T; 2d ed., 1862; Ger. transla- tion, Kiel, 1864). BAUDIN, Nicolas, a French sea captain and naturalist, born on the island of Re in 1750, died in the Isle of France, Sept. 16, 1803. He entered the merchant navy at an early age; and in 1786 went on a botanical expedition to the Indies, sailing from Leghorn under the Austrian flag, with a vessel under his own command. His collections in this expedition, and in a second expedition which he made to the West Indies, were presented by him to the government of France, which promoted him to the rank of captain, and sent him in 1800 with two corvettes on a scientific mission to Australia. Peron accompanied him and wrote an account of the voyage ( Voyage aux terrei australes, Paris, 1807). BAUDIN DES ARDENNES, Charles, a French naval officer, born at Sedan, July 21, 1784, died in Paris in June, 1854. In 1812, as lieu- tenant in command of the brig Renard, accom- panying an expedition of 14 sail with muni- tions from Genoa to Toulon, he conducted his convoy safely into the harbor of St. Tropez, though continually pursued by English cruisers ; but his flag ship was immediately after at- tacked by an English brig, which he disabled after a desperate conflict. For this service he was made captain of a frigate. After the res- toration he resigned, and in 1816 entered the merchant service, but after the July revolution reentered the navy. In 1838 he was made rear admiral, and commanded an expedition of 23 ships against Mexico. Failing to effect an amicable settlement with the Mexican gov- ernment, he bombarded, Nov. 27, 1838, the fortress of San Juan de Ulloa, which surren- dered on the following day. On Dec. 5 he made an attack on Vera Cruz, which was repelled by the Mexicans under Santa Anna, who lost a leg in the action ; and the French were compelled to reembark and retire from Mexico. Baudin was now promoted to the rank of vice admiral, and in 1840 was sent as military and diplomatic plenipotentiary to the republic of Buenos Ayres, and intrusted with the chief command of the French fleet in the South American waters. He was marine prefect at Toulon from 1841 to 1847. In March, 1848, he was appointed commander of the French fleet in the Mediterranean, and on May 15, when Naples was threatened by the lazzaroni and soldiery, the presence of his fleet kept the rioters in check. In September the French fleet, in conjunction with that of Great Britain, protected Messina against the designs of Filangieri. Baudin was also successful in recovering at Naples and Tunis sums due to French residents. In July, 1849, he withdrew from active service. BiUDRAIS, Jean, a French author, born at Tours, Aug. 14, 1749, died May 4, 1832. He began his literary life at Paris by writing Val- legresse villageoise, in honor of the dauphin's marriage, 1781. He was a revolutionist and enemy of Louis XVI., whose last testament he countersigned as witness. He was employed in various magisterial posts during the repub- lic and the consulate, and eventually at the col- ony of Guadeloupe, whence he was transferred to Cayenne. He refused to take the oath of allegiance to Napoleon, was removed from his office, and emigrated to the United States, where he passed 13 years, living by manual labor. His chief work is his unfinished Essai sur Vorigine et les progres de Vart dramatique en France (3 vols., Paris, 1791). I!H NKII.UIt I. Henri Joseph Leon, a French political economist, born in Paris, Nov. 28, 1821. He published essays on Voltaire (1844), Turgot (1846), and Madame de Stael (1850), and in 1853 a work on Jean Bodin et son temps, for which the academy awarded him the first Mon- thyon prize. Since 1855 he has been chief editor of the Journal des economistes. He is also connected with the Journal des Debate, having married in 1866 the daughter of its chief editor, M. de Sacy ; and he was editor-in- chief of the Constitutionnel in 1868 and 1869. In 1866 he was appointed professor of the his- tory of political economy in the college de France. He is a writer for the principal cyclo- paedias, for the Revue des Deux-Mondes, and other periodicals, and is the author of many works relating to political economy, moral science, spiritualism, and the progress of the laboring classes and of trades unions. His Manuel d'economie politique (1857) obtained from the French academy the Monthyon prize, and his Des rapports de la morale et de Veco- nomie politique (1860) received a prize medal. Among his other works are : fitudes de philoso- phie morale et d'economie politique (2 vols., 1858) ; La liberte du travail, V association et la democratie (1865) ; and Elements d'economie rurale, industrielle et commerciale (1867). BAUER, Anton, a German jurist, born in G6t- tingen, Aug. 16, 1772, died there, June 1, 1843. He was a professor in Marburg and in Gottin- gen, and in 1840 was appointed privy judiciary councillor. His principal works are : Lehrbuch des Naturrechts (Marburg, 1808; 3d ed., Got- tingen, 1825); Grundzuge des philosophischen Strafrechts (1825); and Lehrbuch des Straf- processes, a revised edition of a previous work (Gottingen, 1835; 2d ed., 1848). BAUER, Bernard, abbe, a French priest, born in Pesth, Hungary, in 1829. He was a member of a wealthy Jewish family, left his studies t"