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 306 BARCLAY BARD in 1800; and in 1839 lie laid claim to the barony of Airth, as heir through her of William Gra- ham, last earl of Airth and Monteith (died 1694). BARCLAY, Robert (called Barclay of Ury), a distinguished member of the society of Friends, born at Gordonstown, Scotland, Dec. 23, 1648, died at Ury, Oct. 13, 1690. He was sent for his education to the Scotch college at Paris, of which one of his uncles was rector ; but efforts having been made to convert him to Catholi- cism, he returned home about 1664. In 1667 he embraced the principles of the society of Friends, and in 1670 vindicated them from charges which had been brought against them in a publication entitled "Truth cleared of Calumnies." He published in 1676 in Latin, and in 1678 in English, "An Apology for the True Christian Divinity, as the same is held forth and preached by the People called in scorn Quakers." Its dedication to King Charles II. is a model of frankness and independence. It was the ablest defence that had been made at that time of the doctrines of the Friends, and is perhaps the ablest that has ever been made. It materially affected public sentiment in regard to the Friends. His " Treatise on Universal Love " (1677) was the first of the remonstrances which have been made by the Friends against the criminality of war. He made various journeys in England, Holland, and Germany, generally in company with William Penn, for the propagation of his doctrines, and was several times imprisoned on account of them ; but the English government upon the whole was indulgent toward him. Charles II. was his friend, and in 1679 made his estate of Ury a free barony with the privilege of crim- inal jurisdiction. He was appointed in 1682 by the proprietors of East Jersey in America governor of that province, but he only exer- cised the office by deputy. BARCLAY, William, a Scottish jurist, born in Aberdeenshire in 1541 or 1546, died at Angers, France, in 1605. He studied law at Bourges, under Cujas, and received the degree of doctor of laws. He was soon after appointed pro- fessor of the civil law in the university of Pont- a-Mousson, then recently founded by the duke of Lorraine. He was also made counsellor of state and master of requests. Having quar- relled with the Jesuits on account of his refusal to let his son enter the society, he lost favor, went to England, and was offered a professor- ship of law upon condition that he would re- nounce the Roman Catholic faith. This he refused, and returned to France, where he was made professor of law at Angers. During the troubles of the league he supported the royal i cause and was uniformly an opponent of the ultramontane doctrines. His principal works are: De Regno et Regali Potentate (Paris, 1600); a commentary on the title of the Pan- dects De Rebus Creditis et de Jure Jurando ; and a treatise De Potentate Papa (London, 1609), in which the independent rights of sov- ereign princes against the pope are vindicated. BARCLAY DE TOLLY, Michael, prince, a Russian general, born in Livonia in 1759, died at Inster- burg in East Prussia, May 25, 1818. He was a descendant of the Scottish Barclays. Being adopted by Gen. Van Vermoulen, he entered a Russian regiment of cuirassiers as a sergeant, and served with credit in the Turkish war of 1788-'9, in the Swedish campaign of 1790, and in the campaigns against Poland in 1792 and 1794. In the Polish campaign of 1806 he was a major general, and distinguished himself at Pultusk as the commander of Benningsen's ad- vance guard. He defended Eylau with great bravery in 1807, and there lost an arm and won the title of lieutenant general. In 1809 he marched with 12,000 men for two days on the ice across the gulf of Bothnia, and compelled the Swedes to surrender at Umea. He was soon after made governor of Finland, and in 1810 became minister of war, in which office he remained three years. In 1812 he took command of the first army of the west, the second being under Prince Bagration, and con- ducted the retreat to Smolensk for the purpose of drawing the enemy into the interior of the country. This retreat and the loss of the bat- tle at Smolensk gave the Russian national party, who hated him as a foreigner, an opportunity against him, and he was superseded in the command by Gen. Kutuzoff. He led the right wing on the Moskva, did brilliant service in 1813 at Bautzen, and was again placed in chief command of the army. He took part in the battles of Dresden, Calm, and Leipsic, and in 1814 was made a prince and field mar- shal. After visiting London with the emperor Alexander, he returned to the army at War- saw, and remained in command until the war was over. BAR-COKHEBA, or Bar-Cothebas, the leader of a Jewish insurrection during the reign of Hadrian, killed A. D. 135 or 136. His real name is believed by some critics to have been Simeon, but his followers called him Bar- Cokheba (son of a star), and applied to his appearance the prophecy of Balaam, "There shall come a star out of Jacob," &c. The harshness of the Roman rule in Judea made the people eager for an insurrection, and Bar- Cokheba was readily supported by the great rabbi Akiba and his numerous disciples. In 131 he gathered a large army, took Jerusalem and other important places, proclaimed him- self the Messiah and ruler of the Jews, and had coins struck in his own name. Hadrian or- dered Julius Severus from Britain to the scene of the insurrection. Jerusalem was retaken and the whole province desolated, but Bar- Cokheba long maintained himself at Bethar, fighting obstinately, and falling when that for- tress was finally stormed. All his prominent followers were executed. The insurrection cost hundreds of thousands of lives, and was followed by greater oppression than ever. BARD (Cymric, bardh ; Gaelic, lard), a pro- fessional poet, who made his livelihood by