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 AUSTRIA 143 of the " extraordinary expenditure," the Aus- trian government organs showed an apparent improvement of the financial condition, but this was an illusion. The foregoing table shows the excess of expenditures over re- ceipts in some of the years following the revolutionary movements of 1848. Since the reorganization of the empire in 1867, there are separate budgets for the common atfairs of the whole empire and for each of the two large divisions. In the budget for 1872 the amount needed for the common affairs of the empire is estimated at 110,647,498 florins, of which 95,165,007 were to be devoted to the army and 11,254,690 to the navy. From the receipts of the ministry of war, the excess of duties, and the incomes of the consulates, 17,208,883 were to be obtained; of the balance, 93,438,615, the Cisleithan provinces were to furnish 65,145,402, and the Transleithan prov- inces 28,293,213. The budget of the countries represented in the Reichsrath for 1871 fixes the revenue at 338,084,609, the largest items being 80,200,000 from direct taxes, 187,073,546 from indirect taxes, 33,461,058 from the state domain and from state institutions. The ex- penses were to amount to 349,811,642 fl. (99,984,711 fl. interest on the public debt). Thus there would again be a deficit of 11,727,- 033. The consolidated debt of Austria on Dec. 31, 1870, amounted to 2,572,733,402 fl. ; the entire debt to 2,593,269,591, being an in- crease over 1869 of 3,000,000 fl. The aggre- gate debt of the provinces amounted in June, 1870, to 243,979,690 fl. The army of the en- tire' monarchy was reorganized in 1868. Ac- cording to the new regulations the liability to military service is universal, begins with the completion of the 20th year, and must be ren- dered personally. The army is divided into the standing army, the navy, the landwehr, the reserve, and the landsturm. In the Cislei- than provinces military duty lasts 10 years (3 years in the line, 7 in the reserve). In the landwehr those who have been in the line and in the reserve have to remain 2, all others 12 years. The standing army and the navy are placed under the imperial minister of war for the common affairs of the empire ; the land- wehr and the landsturm (which is to com- prise all men capable of doing military duty until the 50th year of age, but was not yet generally organized in 1871) are in each divi- sion of the empire placed under the minister for the defence of the country. The standing army numbered in August, 1871, 254,041 men on the peace footing ; in time of war the army, including the reserve, would number 820,811 men ; while the landwehr numbered in addi- tion 219,471 men. The subdivisions are: 1. Infantry : 80 regiments of the line, 14 regiments of frontier men, 1 regiment of Tyrol riflemen, 33 battalions of riflemen. 2. Cavalry: 14 regi- ments of dragoons, 13 regiments of uhlans, 14 regiments of hussars. 3. Artillery: 12 regi- ments of field artillery, 12 battalions of for- 62 vol. H. 10 tress artillery. 4. Two regiments of engineers and one regiment of pioneers. 5. Five corps for military transportation. Among the for- tresses of Austria, Comorn, Olmutz, Peterwar- dein, and Temesvar are the strongest. The best naval ports are Pola, Trieste, and Cattaro. The Austrian navy in 1871 consisted of 47 steamers, among which were 11 ironclads, 20 sailing vessels, and 6 tenders; in all 72 vessels, carrying 522 guns. The corps of naval officers embraces 2 vice admirals, 5 rear admirals, 16 captains of ships of the line, 17 captains of frig- ates, and 18 captains of corvettes. The present archduchy of Austria, anciently inhabited by the Celtic tribe of the Taurisci, afterward called Norici, was conquered by the Romans in 14 B. 0. During the first centuries of the Chris- tian era that portion of Austria north of the Danube belonged to the possessions of the Marcomanni and Quadi ; part of Lower Austria and Styria, including the municipium of Vin- dobona (Vienna), to Pannonia; the rest of Lower Austria and Styria, with Carinthia and part of Carniola, to Noricum; Tyrol to Rhsetia. After the middle of the 6th century the river Enns constituted the boundary between the Teutonic nation of the Boioarii (Bavarians) and the Turanian Avars. Charlemagne annexed the country of the Avars to the German em- pire in 791. It was then called Avaria or Mar- chia Orientalis (eastern territory), and subse- quently Austria, constituting since 843 the easternmost district of Germany. Having been conquered by the Magyars in 900, it was ulti- mately reannexed to Germany by Otho I. in 955. In 983 Leopold of Babenberg was ap- pointed margrave of Austria. His dynasty re- mained in possession for 263 years, adding largely to its territory by the annexation of Styria and Carniola, by conquests from the Slavic tribes, and by inheritance. Under the reign of Henry Jasomirgott Austria was erected into a hereditary duchy in 1156. On the death of Frederick II., the last of the Babenberg dy- nasty (1246), the German emperor Frederick II. claimed Austria as a vacant fief of the imperial crown. But neither he nor his son Conrad IV. succeeded in establishing his authority, and in 1251 the Austrian states elected Ottocar, sec- ond sou of the Bohemian king Wenceslas, duke of Austria and Styria. Having refused to ac- knowledge Rudolph of Hapsburg as German emperor, Ottocar was defeated by him in 1276, and compelled to surrender to the victor all his possessions except those belonging to the Bohe- mian crown. From that time up to the present day the house of Hapsburg, whose original pos- sessions were in Switzerland, has ruled in Aus- tria. Rudolph's son and successor Albert ob- tained in 1301 the Swabian margraviate. At his death in 1308 Austria had already an area of 26,000 sq. m. Of his five sons, Leopold was defeated at Morgarten in 1315, while attempt- ing to resubdue the revolted Swiss cantons, and Frederick III., surnamed the Handsome, was vanquished by Louis the Bavarian in his