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 AUXGERVYLE AUEELLE 119 In 1847 he was appointed governor of Algeria in place of Marshal Bugeaud, and soon after- ward received Abd-el-Kader's surreVler. In 1848, on hearing of the revolution in Paris, he exhorted the population to wait calmly for fur- ther developments ; and on March 3 he resigned and joined the other members of his family in England. On the outbreak of the Franco- German war in 1870 he offered his services to the government, but they were not accepted. After the downfall of Napoleon III. lie returned to France, and in 1872 took his seat as a mem- ber of the national assembly. His eldest son, prince de Conde, died in Australia in 18G6, aged 21, and his wife, a Neapolitan princess, in 18G9. His only remaining child, the duke de Guise, born Jan. 5, 1854, died in Paris, July 25, 1872. He inherited a large fortune from the Conde family. In 1872 he was elected a mem- ber of the French academy. Besides pamph- lets and articles on political and military mat- ters, he is the author of Histoire des princes de Conde (2 vols., Paris, 18G9), translated into English by the Rev. K. Brown-Borthwick (2 vols., London, 1872). Al.NGERV YLE, Richard (known in history as Richard de Bury), an English statesman and bibliographer, born near Bury St. Edmunds in 1287, died at Bishop's Auckland, April 24, 1345. He was educated at Oxford, appointed tutor of the prince of Wales, and after the accession of his pupil to the throne as Edward III. re- ceived successively the appointments of coiffeur to tlie king, treasurer of the wardrobe, and keeper of the privy seal. In 1333 he was con- secrated bishop of Durham. In 1334 he suc- ceeded Archbishop Stratford as lord high chancellor of England, which office he resigned in 1335 for that of treasurer. lie went several times abroad as ambassador, once to Rome and thrice to Paris. Aungervyle was a diligent purchaser of rare and costly books, and when bishop of Durham his collection was one of the largest in England. He founded also for the use of the students at Oxford a library, which was then the best in the kingdom. The latter part of his life he gave up entirely to books. He left a Latin treatise on bibliography (the earliest by any English writer), entitled Philo- billon (Cologne, 1473 ; English translation by J. B. Inglis, London, 1832) ; Epistolas Familia- rium, including some letters to his friend Petrarch ; and Orationes ad Principes. VI UKI.I (Lucius DOMITICS AUBELIANUS), a Roman emperor, born in Pannonia, or accord-. ing to some authorities on the southern con- fines of Dacia, in the early part of the 3d cen- tury, assassinated between Heraclea and By- zantium, A. D. 275. His parents were poor and of the lowest class. He entered a Roman legion at an early age, and by his bravery and the remarkable feats of arms which bis almost gigantic stature and great strength enabled him to perform he secured rapid promotion, anil great personal popularity with the soldiers, among whom he was designated as Aurelianus manw ad ferrvm (Aurelian Sword-in-Hand). He distinguished himself under Valerian and Claudius II. in campaigns against the Goths; and when Claudius died, although his brother Quintillus' assumed the purple as his heir, Au- relian was proclaimed emperor by the army of the Danube, of which he was then in command (270). Qnintiilus committed suicide after a nominal reign of several weeks, and Aurelian took the throne without opposition. He drove the Goths beyond the Danube, carried on suc- cessful campaigns against the Alemanni and other German tribes, and to protect Rome against them built a line of strong walls, the ruins of which may still be traced about the city. He next undertook a war against Palmyra, then a magnificent city in the height of its prosperity, ruled by Zenobia, the widow of King Odenathus. He captured the city after one of the ablest defences in history, treated the people with comparative kindness, and re- fused to put Zenobia to death, though his troops demanded her execution. After his departure the Palmyrenes rose and massa- cred the Roman garrison; upon this he re- turned, destroyed the city, and put the people to the sword (273). Zenobia was carried to Rome, and appeared in the emperor's triumph. Aurelian next defeated an attempt at rebellion made by the Egyptians under their Roman governor. Tetricus, who had made himself the independent ruler of the greater part of Gaul, now surrendered after little more than the threat of a war ; and the Roman empire resumed something of its old territorial im- portance. The senate bestowed upon Aurelian the title of " restorer of the empire." After ef- fecting many improvements in the government of the city, the discipline of the army, and the condition of the people, the emperor was assas- sinated while on the way to a campaign against the Persians, at the instigation of his secretary, whom he had threatened with punishment. AIRELUS, Marcos. See ANTONINUS. AURELLE (or D'AITRELLE) DE PALADINES, a French soldier, born in 1803. lie distinguished himself in the Crimean war. Before the out- break of the war with Germany in 1870 he was commander of the 5th military division of France, at Metz. After the fall of the empire he was charged by the provisional government at Tours with the formation of the army of the Loire. After a battle near Coulmiers, he drove Gen. von der Tann from Orleans (Nov. 9-10), winning the first French victory over the Germans. For this he was appointed (Nov. 15) commander-in-chief of the army of the Loire. On Nov. 28 he attacked the left wing of Prince Frederick Charles at Beaune-la-Rolande, but encountered a severe repulse. On Dec. 2 he was beaten by the grand duke of Mecklenburg at Artenay, and on Dec. 3 Frederick Charles drove him back to the forest of Orleans, renewing the at- tack the next day and taking possession of the town at midnight, after brisk fighting.