Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume I.djvu/835

 ARUNDELIAN MARBLES ARYAN LANGUAGE 799 ARODELIAN MARBLES. See ARUNOEL, THOM- AS HOWARD. ARUNDELL, Blanch, daughter of the earl of Worcester, and wife of Lord Thomas Arundell, died in 1649, aged 66. With only 25 men she for nine days defended Wardour castle against 1,300 of the parliamentary troops, and finally made an honorable surrender, the conditions of which were broken by the victors. Her tomb is in the chapel of the castle. ARWIDSSON, Adolf Ivar, a Swedish poet, born at Padasjoki in Finland, Aug. 7, 1791, died at Viborg, June 21, 1858. He was in- structed in history at the university of Abo, where he founded in 1821 the Abo Morgonblad, a literary and political journal. This enter- prise was unsuccessful, as the Russian gov- ernment suppressed the publication in a few months, on account of its outspoken judgments of the acts of the authorities. Soon after this Arwidsson published a political essay in the Mnemosyne, which was of such a tone as to lead to his immediate banishment. . He went to Sweden, secured a position in the royal li- brary at Stockholm, was made its chief libra- rian in 1843, and continued in this office till his death. In the last years of his life the Russian decree of banishment against him was annulled, and it was while taking advantage of this to revisit Finland that he died. His principal works are: Ungdoms Rimfrost ("The Hoar- frost of Youth," Stockholm, 1832), a collection of poems ; an excellent collection of Swedish folk songs under the title Svenska Formdnger ("Ancient Swedish Songs," 3 vols., 1834-'42); Stockholm forr och nu (" Stockholm formerly and now," 1837-'40); and a translation of the Icelandic Frithiofs Saga (2d ed., Stockholm, 1841). ARYAN RACE AND LANGUAGE. Arya (San- skrit, drya ; Zend, dirya) is a name by which the cultivated race of parts of S. W. Asia (Iran and India) anciently called itself, by way of distinction from the ruder aborigines by whom it was surrounded or among whom it had intruded itself; and the adjective Aryan is now commonly used to designate collectively the principal tongues and races both of the re- gion indicated and of Europe. Ariana, Iran, Iron, and other kindred appellations, are de- rived from it ; its own derivation is wholly ob- scure, and the various conjectures formed re- specting it are not worth reporting here. At- tempts have been made to trace it also in European use, but they have not been success- ful. It is, then, strictly applicable only to the Asiatic or Indo-Persian division of the family, and it is so applied by the great majority of German authorities, with many French, Eng- lish, and others ; while the whole family is styled Japhetic, or (oftenest by the Germans) Indo-Germanic, or Indo-European : it is doubt- less theunwieldiness of the last two names that has given superior currency of late to Aryan. The Aryan family of languages is divided into seven principal branches : 1, Germanic or Teutonic ; 2, Slavo-Lithuanic or Letto-Slavic ; 3, Celtic; 4, Italic (Latin, &c.) ; 5, Greek; (i, Iranian or Persian; 7, Sanskritic or Indian., That all the languages mentioned do really form one family together, as common descen- dants of a single original, is beyond all question ; the correspondences which they exhibit, both i of material and of structure, are such as admit between any two even unrelated dialects a cer- tain number of resemblances purely accidental ; also, that one may borrow from another either single scattering words, or, under the influence of mixture of races or of influence exercised by conquest or by superiority of civilization, whole parts of a vocabulary ; but only common de- scent can account for resemblances that reach I even into, and are most conspicuous in, the i whole series of numerals, the personal and I other pronouns, the words of relationship, and j the like; and, yet more, that reach into the , apparatus of verb and noun inflection, and of i derivation. On the other hand, there is no i amount and degree of discordance which may not arise between languages originally one, but
 * of no other explanation. The comparative
 * study of languages shows that there may be
 * long separated and growing apart. The differ-

ences between English and- Irish and Polish and Hindi are merely greater in amount and degree than between English and Dutch and effectually the common basis which really underlies the one series as well as the other, men of the correspondences of Aryan language, we give below the forms in all the branches of one word out of each class mentioned above ; English, Slavic, Lithuania, Celtic, Latin, Greek, Iranian, Sanskrit, three, tri, tri, tri, tre*, treis, tfiri, tri, me, man, manen, me, me, me, me, me, mother. mater. moter. mathair. mater. meter. matar. matar. In verbal conjugation, relics of the original personal endings mi, ti, si in the singular, and masi, tasi, nti in the plural, are more or less distinctly traceable in all the branches, espe- cially among the older dialects. It is needless to go further in this illustration : the compara- tive grammars of Bopp and Schleicher give a complete exhibition of the accordant ground- work and superstructure, phonetic and gram- matical, of the whole body of languages in- cluded in the family ; and a host of less com- prehensive works show in like manner the con- nection of one and another branch with the rest. It is held by those who have studied Aryan language most successfully, that its en- tire structure is developed out of monosyllabic elements, usually called roots. These were of two classes : predicative or verbal, indicating action or quality ; and demonstrative or pro- nominal, indicating position or direction. By the combination of these two, especially, were
 * German, covering up and disguising more
 * and making a more thorough and skilled search
 * necessary to its discovery. By way of speci-