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 ARNOLD 761 first to call attention to the comets of 1682 and 1686. He also acquired fame by his observa- tion of the passage of Mercury across the sun's disk, Oct. 31, 1690. The town of Leipsic gave him a present of money and exempted him from all city taxation. ARNOLD, Edwin, an English author, born June 10, 1831. In 1852 he obtained at Oxford the Newdegate prize for one of his poems, became in 1854 second master in a principal school of Birmingham, and subsequently was president of the Sanskrit college at Poonah, British India, which office he resigned in 1860. He is a vo- luminous contributor to daily journals and pe- riodicals, and has published "Poems, Narrative and Lyrical ; " " Griselda, a Tragedy, and other Poems" (1856) ; " The Wreck of the Northern Belle" (1857); "History of the Administra- tion of India under the late Marquis of Dal- housie" (2 vols., 1862-'4); and "Poets of Greece "(1869). ARNOLD, Matthew, an English poet, son of Thomas Arnold, born at Laleham, Dec. 24, 1822. He was educated at Winchester, Rug- by, and Oxford ; won the Newdegate prize for English verse by a poem entitled " Cromwell ; " in 1845 was chosen fellow of Oriel college; and from 1846 to 1851 was private secretary to Lord Lansdowne. Having married, Mr. Arnold received an appointment as one of the lay in- spectors of schools under the committee of the council of education. In 1849 he published anonymously a small volume of poems under the title of " The Strayed Reveller and other Poems." In 1852 a second volume appeared, " Empedocles on ^Etna, and other Poems." In 1853 a new volume was issued in his own name, followed by a second series, the two containing selections from the previous collec- tions along with some fresh pieces. On May 5, 1857, Mr. Arnold was elected professor of poetry in the university of Oxford. His later noteworthy works are: "Balder;" "Merope, a Tragedy " (1858) ; " On Translating Homer" (1862) ; " Essays in Criticism " (1865) ; " Study of Celtic Literature" (1867); "Schools and Universities on the Continent" (1868); "Cul- ture and Anarchy" (1869); "St. Paul and Protestantism" (1870); "Friendship's Gar- land " (1871) ; " Literature and Dogma " (1873). ARNOLD, Samuel, Mus. Doc., an English com- poser, born in London, Aug. 10, 1740, died there, Oct. 22, 1802. At the age of 23 he became composer to Covent Garden theatre, and in 1766 also to the Haymarket, in 1789 conductor of the academy of ancient music, and in 1793 organist of Westminster abbey. He published 47 operas, of which "The Maid of the Mill" was for many years a favorite on the stage. " The Prodigal Son," an oratorio, also had re- markable success. About 1786 he published a collection of cathedral music (4 vols.), which has always been held in high esteem. He un- dertook, under the patronage of George III., an edition in score of Handel's works, of which he published 40 volumes. ARNOLD, Thomas, D. D., an English teacher and historian, born at West Cowes, Isle of Wight, June 13, 1795, died at Rugby, June 12, 1842. When 8 years old he was sent to Warminster, and at 12 to Winchester college, where he was known as an indolent, shy, and restless boy. In 1811, having obtained a scholarship at Cor- pus Christi, he removed to Oxford, where in 1814 he took a first class degree, and the year after was elected fellow of Oriel college. In 1815 and 1817 he was chancellor's prizeman for the Latin and English essays. In 1818 he was ordained deacon, and from 1819 employed himself at Laleham, near Staines, in the prepa- ration of young men for the universities. From this point his career seems to have fairly com- menced. On his application for the post of head master of Rugby school, he was elected, though others had applied before him, the trus- tees being assured that " he would change the face of education all through the public schools of England." He entered upon the duties of this office in August, 1828, having shortly be- fore taken priest's orders. Dr. Arnold enlarged the basis of education at Rugby by adding to the classics other departments of learning ; but his influence was chiefly felt in the practical bearing upon life and character which he gave to all education, and in the lofty Christian spir- it which he endeavored to impart to his schol- ars. He substituted for the old system of fag- ging a responsible supervision of the younger lads by the boys in the highest class a plan that was criticised in some quarters, but which he defended in the "Journal of Education" (1834-'5). He was a strenuous opponent of the new school at Oxford. He took part in the de- bate upon church and state, wrote a pamphlet in 1833 upon "Church Reform," and later "Fragments upon the Church," in which he urged that church and state, instead of being formally united as two separate interests, should rather be identified, the state being in fact the working church. In 1835 he accepted a fel- lowship in the senate of the new London uni- versity, but resigned it three years later on ac- count of the refusal of the senate to make an examination in the New Testament obligatory upon candidates for a degree. He 'delivered lectures before the Rugby mechanics' institute, and in 1831 started a periodical called the "Englishman's Register," of which only a few numbers were published. He declined politi- cal preferment ; and when Lord Melbourne ap- pointed him to the regius professorship of mod- ern history at Oxford, he welcomed it as the post of all others best suited to him. He held it but one year, when he suddenly died of heart disease. His "History of Rome," a work of great merit, in 3 vols. (1838, 1840, 1842), em- bodying the results of Niebuhr's investigations, carried the narrative to the end of the second Punic war ; a fourth volume extends the his- tory, in fragments, to the time of Trajan. He also published an edition of Thucydides with notes, a course of lectures on modern history,