Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume I.djvu/796

 760 ARNOLD arrival of Washington and his suite at Ver- planck's Point, on his way to Hartford to meet the French admiral Rochambeau, greatly em- barrassed Arnold ; but with characteristic au- dacity he showed him a portion of the treason- able correspondence having reference to the proposed conference, but which was so artfully worded as to disarm suspicion. Washington strongly advised Arnold to hold no meeting with persons coming from within the enemy's lines, as such an act, taken in connection with the recent court martial, might injure him in public estimation. On the night of the 21st the meeting with Andr6, who had disembarked from the British frigate Vulture, finally took place at the foot of Clove mountain, a few miles below Stony Point. It was continued in- to the morning of the 22d, when, having given Andr6 a safe-conduct to pass him through the American lines, and six papers dis- closing the plans of the works at West Point and the strength of the garrison, Arnold re- turned to his headquarters. The Vulture hav- ing meanwhile dropped down stream in con- sequence of a fire from the American batteries, Andr6 was obliged to return to New York along the eastern bank of the Hudson, and on the 23d was captured near Tarrytown. The papers found on his person were at once de- spatched to Washington at Hartford ; but Col. Jameson, the officer in whose charge he was placed, committed the error of informing Ar- nold of the circumstance. After a hurried parting with his wife, Arnold was rowed in his barge to the Vulture, where he then basely delivered the oarsmen to the enemy ; but Sir Henry Clinton at once ordered them to be released. On the same day the papers found on Andre's person were examined by Wash- ington, and the whole treasonable scheme was exposed, just in time probably to defeat the most formidable plan ever organized to crush the cause of American liberty. Arnold was rewarded for his treachery by a commission as major general in the British army, and took part in several marauding expeditions into Connecticut and Virginia. After the surrender of Cornwallis he went to England and received a considerable sum in money from the British government. His subsequent life was neither prosperous nor happy. He was shunned by men of honor and repeatedly insulted. After several unsuccessful attempts to engage in busi- ness in British America and the West Indies, he sank into utter obscurity. Janes Rob* risen, second son of the preceding, born in the United States in 1780, died in London, Dec. 27, 1854. He entered the British army in 1798, and served with credit in many parts of the world. For several years he was an aide-de-camp of William IV. Three years before his death he was promoted to be a lieutenant general. ARNOLD OF BRESCIA (ARXALDO DA BBK- SOIA), a religious reformer, born at Brescia in Italy about the beginning of the 12th cen- tury, executed at Rome in 1155. He first ap- pears in history as a scholar of Abd-lard, and was distinguished for eloquence. Returning from France to Italy, he attacked the luxury, venality, indifference to religions duties, and degrading worldliness of the clergy. His spe- cial doctrine was the antagonism of the church to the world. He held that the same man ought not to hold secular and religious office. This doctrine speedily made for him a party. Disturbances broke out, the clergy protested, the bishop of Brescia became alarmed, a com- plaint was sent to Rome, and at the council of the Lateran in 1139 Arnold was condemned as a disturber of the peace, forbidden to preach, and banished from Italy. His party, however, was not annihilated, nor his influence destroyed. In France, where ho went to visit Abelurd, whose name had been joined with his in the sentence of condemnation, and in Switzerland, where he preached for some years, ho gained many adherents. Meanwhile, a bold applica- tion of his principles had been attempted in Rome itself. The demands of the papal see excited a popular movement (1143), and secu- lar authorities were appointed to govern the state, while the pope, Innocent II., was re- stricted to the exercise of spiritual authority. This change in the national government being opposed by Innocent and his successors, a re- volt broke out in 1145, and Pope Eugenius III. was forced to leave the city. Arnold went to Rome and assumed the direction of the popu- lar movement ; but the license of rioters hin- dered his plans, reaction came, one by one his reforms were nullified, and the unfortunate murder of a cardinal in the street enabled Pope Adrian IV. to turn against this alleged dis- turber of the peace and enemy of the church the sympathies of the populace. Arnold was with his friends driven from the city, and sought refuge with some noblemen of Cam- pania. When the emperor Frederick Barba- rossa came to Rome to be crowned, the pope asked him to have Arnold arrested. The order was given and executed, and Arnold was stran- gled, and his body burned and thrown into the Tiber. The character of Arnold has been variously represented. Baronius calls him " the father of political heresies." The truth ap- pears to be that ho was a great reforming spir- it, who fell into many errors and excesses, but whose leading idea was to renovate the clerical order after the apostolic model. Baptist wri- ters claim him as one of the forerunners of their faith, the denial of infant baptism being among the charges against him at the Lateran council of 1139. A sect called Arnoldists ex- isted in Italy for some time after his death. They were condemned at the council of Ve- rona in 1184, and the name occurs in a law against heretics of Frederick II. (1224). ARNOLD, Chrlstopn, a German astronomer, born at Sommerfcld, near Leipsic, Dec. 17, 1650, died April 15, 1695. He was a farmer, but devoted his leisure to astronomy, erected an observatory at his own house, and waa the