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 756 ARNAULT Feb 19 1671. She entered the convent when a mere child, and at the age of 15 was appointed mistress of the novices. She was at the head of the establishment during the five years which her sister passed at Maubuisson ; then became her coadjutor, and was subsequently chosen abbess, and for 27 years governed Port Royal, alternately with her sister, whom she survived nine years. She was the author of two books, Le chaplet secret du Saint Sacra- ment (1663), which was suppressed at Rome, but without being formally censured, and ISimage de la religieuse parfaite et imparfaite (1 665). The Constitutions de Port Royal are also attributed to her. These abbesses were two of six sisters, all belonging to one convent, and all attached to the Jansenist party. The arch- bishop of Paris said that they were " as pure as angels, but as proud as devils." VII. Angeliqne, usually designated by her conventual name Mere Angelique de St. Jean, born in Paris, Nov. 24, 1624, died there, Jan. 29, 1684. She was the daughter of Robert Arnauld d'Andilly, and niece of the four preceding. She was educated in the convent of Port Royal by her aunt Marie Jacqueline. When not quite 20 years old she became a nun, and nine years afterward was chosen sub-prioress of the convent. When the establishment was removed to Port Royal de Paris she retained the same position. A royal order having been issued for breaking up the institution, the inmates were arrested by the police, and dispersed through various convents, every endeavor being made to induce them to accede to the formulary of Pope Alexander VI. From these solicitations Angelique was espe- cially excepted, because her " known obstinacy " made it sure that she would not agree. At length the nuns were restored to Port Royal des Champs, but were for years subjected to the surveillance of the police, no intercourse being permitted between them and persons outside of the convent. In 1669 the Port Royal society was reconstituted, Angelique being again elected prioress. In 1688 she was chosen abbess. But the next year her pow- erful protector, the duchess de Longueville, died, and the persecution was renewed, it be- ing expressly ordered that no new novices should be admitted. Angelique exerted her- self to stem the storm ; she consoled the nuns, and put forth all her influence with persons in power. Her efforts were unavailing, and she sank under a complication of griefs. She was learned, pious, and gentle. She wrote several books, the most valuable of which is Memoires pour servir a Vhistoire de Port Royal, et a la me de la reverende Mere Marie Angelique de Sainte Madeleine Arnauld, reformatrice de ce monastere (3 vols., Utrecht, 1742). She also took a considerable part in the preparation of the Necrologie de Port Royal des Champs (Amsterdam, 1723), and wrote other works in defence of the convent. ARNAULT, Vincent Antoine, a French author, born in Paris in January, 1766, died near Havre, ARNDT Sept. 16, 1834. He became first known to fame by two tragedies, Marius a Mintumes and Lucrece. After the massacres of September, 1792, he went to London and Brussels, and on his return in 1793 was arrested, but soon set free. In 1797 Bonaparte sent him on a mission to the Ionian Islands. In 1799 he produced hi Paris a tragedy, Lea Venitiens, suggested by his residence at Venice, which was very fa- vorably received by Napoleon himself, before whom he delivered several lectures on that city. He became in the same year member of the French academy, in 1805 vice president and in 1808 principal secretary of the council of the university. All these offices were taken from him after the emperor's downfall, but restored to him during the hundred days. Besides his tragedies he wrote a number of miscellaneous prose works and poems, a collec- tion of fables, and Vie politique et militaire de Napoleon (3 vols. fol., Paris, 1822), and prepared with Jay, Jouy, and De Norvins the Nouvelle biographic des contemporains (20 vols. 8vo, 1820-'25). AKYVITS. See ALBANIA. ARND, or Arndi, Johann, a German theologian, born at Ballenstedt, Anhalt, Dec. 27, 1555, died at Celle, May 11, 1621. He was pastor successively at Paderborn and Quedlinburg, and in 1599 was appointed preacher to the court at Brunswick. In 1611 he was presented by the duke of Luneburg to the church at Celle, and he soon afterward became superintendent of all the churches of the duchy, which office he held till his death. His writings are marked by great fervor of devotion. His principal work, on " True Christianity," which has been translated into almost all European languages, approaches so near to mysticism that it was attacked during the lifetime of its author as a dangerous and heretical production. The fact that he gave liberally to the poor, while himself in poverty, gave rise to a belief that he had discovered the secret of making gold. ARNDT, Ernst Moritz, a German patriot, pro- fessor of history at the university of Bonn, born at Schoritz, on the island of Rugen, Dec. 26, 1769, died in Bonn, Jan. 29, 1860. He studied at Greifswald and Jena, and after trav- elling over Europe was appointed professor at Greifswald, where he soon published his " His- tory of Serfdom in Pomerania and Rugen," which roused the wrath of some members of the Pomeranian nobility. In 1807 appeared the first volume of his Geist der Zeit, contain- ing his attack against Napoleon, for which he was expelled from the country. He then went to Stockholm, where, under a feigned name, he supported himself by teaching languages. In 1810 he ventured to return to Greifswald in disguise, but on hearing of the Russian cam- paign, he proceeded in 1812 to St. Petersburg, and published pamphlet after pamphlet to rouse the public mind of Europe from its leth- argy. His cry was, If Napoleon is successful in Russia, Germany is undone. Baron Stein